Methodological issues - Paper 1

Question 1

Definition of validity

Answer 1

How accurate research is in measuring what it aimed to measure

Question 2

Internal validity

Answer 2

The extent to which procedures in a study achieve the intended measures and manipulations
High internal validity means the IV definitely changed/didn’t change the DV

Question 3

Face validity

Answer 3

The extent to which research has face value and appears to test what it claims to

Question 4

Construct validity

Answer 4

The extent to which a study is accurate in measuring a concept/phenomenon that has been properly operationalised

Question 5

Concurrent validity

Answer 5

The extent to which other similar tests produce similar results

Question 6

Criterion validity

Answer 6

The extent to which one measure of a phenomenon predicts the value of another measure of the same thing - ie could be used as an accurate predictor

Question 7

Population validity

Answer 7

The extent to which findings can be generalised from the sample to the target population

Question 8

Ecological validity

Answer 8

The extent to which findings from one scenario generalise to other scenarios - ie is the research accurately measuring real life

Question 9

Definition of reliability

Answer 9

The consistency of a measure

Question 10

Internal reliability

Answer 10

How consistent results of a test are across items within the test - ie all test same thing

Question 11

External reliability

Answer 11

The extent to which a test score varies from one time to another - ie will it produce similar results with similar people in a similar situation

Question 12

Inter-rater reliability

Answer 12

The extent to which two researchers consistently rate, score or observe the same the same behaviour and produce a positive correlation
ie if multiple researchers agree

Question 13

Test-retest reliability

Answer 13

Testing reliability by using the same test twice
If the scores correlate well, the test is reliable

Question 14

Split-half reliability

Answer 14

A way to test internal reliability
Comparing two halves of a test - if the scores correlate well, the measure has high internal reliability

Question 15

Ethical considerations

Answer 15

DCCOWPAD
Deception
Consent - informed consent
Confidentiality
Observation - must be in a public space for covert observation
Withdrawal - ppts should have right to leave
Protection from harm
Advice - should be offered to ppts whenever they need it
Debrief - ppts should have everything explained to them afterwards/offered counselling

Question 16

Ethics - respect

Answer 16

Area of respect considers informed consent, right to withdraw and confidentiality

Question 17

Ethics - responsibility

Answer 17

Area of responsibility considers protection from harm and debrief

Question 18

Ethics - integrity

Answer 18

Area of integrity considers deception