methodology Flashcards
(22 cards)
Experimental
Research Designs
-IV can be manipulated
-a cause and effect relationship can be found
-participants can be randomly allocated
Non experimental
Research Design
-IV cannot be manipulated
-a cause and effect relationship cannot be find
-participants cannot be randomly allocated
importance of having a controlled group
-enables the researcher to determine whether the IV has had an effect on the DV
-the control group provides a basis for comparison with the experimental group
observational
application method
Application
type of technique used to study behaviour
Method
Researcher monitor participants and record notes
E.g. Bandura, ross
case study
method, application
Application
-an in depth investigation of an individual person, group or people or a single event
- case studies are useful for examining unusual events that cannot be replicated in a lab
-e.g. henry molaison
Method
-a large amount of data (mostly qualitive) is collected providing info on one person, a group of ppl, or an event
correlation
Application
-measures the linear relo between two variables
-e.g. a positive correlation was found between birth weight and childhood intelligence
Method
-the relo between 2 variables is measures
longitudinal
description
Description
-data is collected more than once, using the same participants
-this period could be several days, weeks, years or even decades. this type of study is often used in psychology to study development trends across the lifespan
longitudianl
strenghts
-development trends can be studied over time
-the frequency, timing or duration of events can be assesses
e.g. we=hen depressive symptops of an individual began and how long they lasted
longitudinal
limitations
-it takes a longer time to get results than with cross sectional studies
-perticipants may drop out the study along the way
correlational
strenghts
strength
-potential hypothesis based on correlation can be tested using experimental design
-it can be used when manipulating variables in experimental research is unethical
correlational
limitations
Limitations
-Correlations do not show how variables are related because there is no cause and effect between two variables (correlation do not infer causation)
-Extraneous variables are not controlled and could intervene with the relationship between the variables making it hard to know if the relations would exist otherwise
case study
strenghts
Strenghts
-detailed info is collected
-info is gathered from a range of perspectives
case study
limitations
Limitations
-results are unable to be generalised to the population the sample was taken from
-conclusions drawn from case studies are limited due to the lack of formed control groups
observational
strengths
Strengths
-Controlled observation can be replicated by other researchers
-Participants are more likely to behave naturally rather than subconsciously act in a way that is socially appealing
observational
limitations
Limitations
-when the researcher sees what they expect to see, or records selected details, observer bias may occur
-Participants may change their behaviour if they are aware of being observed
-Voluntary participation and informed consent are ethical guidelines that may be breached when participants are unknowingly observed for research
cross sectiional
descrption
data from participants is collected at one point in time. participants may be from one sample or from a number or samples
cross sectional strengths
-it us quicker to conduct than longtidunal studies as there are no follow up periods required
-it costs less to conduct than longitudinal studies
cross sectional limitations
only a snapshot in time is chosen and results may differ if another time for collecting data was chosen
-the sample size may not be large enough to generalise results to the population that the sample was taken from
experimental
research design
strengths
strengths
-researchers can have control over variables
-cause and effect relationships can be found
experimental
research design
limitations
limitations
-having a controlled environment (such as laboratory environment), reduces realism and may impact participants behaviour
-in trying to control variables in research, there is a risk of human error occurring
non experimental
research design
strengths
Strengths
-observing what occurs naturally in the environment means a controlled setting does not have to be controlled
-this allows for research applications in which the manipulation of variables would be unethical for participants
non experimental
research design
limitations
Limitations
-reliable causal conclusions are not able to be made bc there is no evidence of cause and effect relationship
-as there is no variable manipulation, larger sample sizes are required so more participants are able to be observed
