MHS

Question 1

How is cystic fibrosis passed on?

Answer 1

Recessively inherited Mendelian single gene disorder

Question 2

How is Huntington’s disease passed on?

Answer 2

Dominantly inherited Mendelian disease

Question 3

What is the most common of all inherited colon cancers and how is it passed on?

Answer 3

Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC)

Dominantly inherited

Question 4

What are the five stages of grief?

Answer 4

Denial
Anger
Bargaining
Depression
Acceptance

Question 5

Which country has the highest birth rate in women aged 15-19?

Answer 5

USA

Question 6

What are the common causes of premature death in younger (

Answer 6

Cervical cancer
Ischaemic heart disease
Suicide
Violence/assault
Homicide

Question 7

In the hierarchy of evidence what is highest?

Answer 7

A meta-analysis and systematic reviews containing 2 or more randomised control trials

Question 8

In the hierarchy of evidence, what is second best?

Answer 8

Randomised control trials

Question 9

In the hierarchy of evidence, what is least favoured?

Answer 9

Case series and expert opinions

Question 10

Where in he hierarchy of evidence do observational studies rank?

Answer 10

4th out of 5

Question 11

What can observational studies be subcategorised into?

Answer 11

Descriptive

Analytical

Question 12

Name a descriptive observational study.

Answer 12

Case series

Question 13

What are the four analytical observational studies?

Answer 13

Ecological
Cohort
Case control
Cross sectional

Question 14

What are the two most reliable observational studies?

Answer 14

Cohort, followed by case-control

Question 15

What is a case-control study?

Answer 15

Starts with cases.
Control are from the same population but do not have the disease
The question regarding the exposure under investigation

Question 16

What are case-control studies good for determining?

Answer 16

Cause of a disease

Question 17

What are cohort studies good for determining?

Answer 17

Outcome of a certain exposure, e.g. a drug

Question 18

What are the strengths of a case-control study?

Answer 18

Investigation of a rare disease
Study of multiple exposures and determinants
Quick and cheap
Investigate long latent periods

Question 19

What are the weaknesses of a case-control study?

Answer 19

Recall bias
Selection bias
Confounding factors

Question 20

What is a cohort study?

Answer 20

Start with group of people free from disease
Classify into groups according to exposure to potential cause of a disease or outcome
Follow up and identify who goes on to develop disease

Question 21

What are the strengths of a cohort study?

Answer 21

Investigate rare causes
Testing multiple effects of a cause
Measurements of tome relationship
Direct measurement of incidence

Question 22

What are the weaknesses of a cohort study?

Answer 22

High probability of loss to follow up
Lengthy and costly
There are relative risks and attributable risks

Question 23

What is a beta (type II) random error?

Answer 23

Where study concludes that something isn’t better, though in truth it is

Question 24

What is an alpha (type I) random error?

Answer 24

Where a study concludes that something is better, though in truth it isn’t

Question 25

What are systematic errors?

Answer 25

Biases in measurements which lead to a situation where the mean of many separate measurements differs significantly from the actual value of the measured attribute

Question 26

What is selection bias?

Answer 26

A statistical bias where there is an error in choosing the individuals or groups to take part in a scientific study

Question 27

What is exclusion bias?

Answer 27

Where particular groups are excluded from the sample

Question 28

What is reporting bias?

Answer 28

The selective revealing or suppression of information by subjects, e.g. PMH, smoking

Question 29

What is the difference between the number of people that die by suicide and those that die by RTA?

Answer 29

Twice as many people die by suicide than road accidents

Question 30

In sociology, what four types of suicide were identified (Durkheim) and briefly explain each one?

Answer 30

Egoistic - self-centred (under integration) Altruistic - for the good of others (over-integration) Anomic - social isolation (under-regulation) Fatalistic - no choice (over-regulation)

Question 31

What is associated with suicide?

Answer 31

``` Drug and alcohol abuse Affective disorders Thought disorders Anxiety disorders Problems in social relationships Physical health problems ```

Question 32

What are the typical features of a "completer" of suicide?

Answer 32

Tend to be older and male Use lethal methods Tend to die in first attempt

Question 33

What are characteristic of an "attempter" of suicide?

Answer 33

More likely to be female Seeking help Use non-fatal methods, such as over-dose

Question 34

What did Safinofsky (2005) show about "attempters" of suicide?

Answer 34

Overwhelming majority of attempters never kill themselves

Question 35

What are the stages of change, set forth in the Stages of Change Model?

Answer 35

``` Precontemplation Contemplation Preparation Action Maintenances Relapse ```

Question 36

What two countries have the highest rates of suicide?

Answer 36

Hungary and Finland

Question 37

What is the suicide ratio of male to female?

Answer 37

3:1 (male:female)

Question 38

Is suicide higher in younger or older people?

Answer 38

Younger people

Question 39

What are the top three most common methods of suicide in men?

Answer 39

Hanging Overdose Carbon monoxide poisoning

Question 40

What is the most common method of suicide in women?

Answer 40

Overdose

Question 41

What are four chronic life difficulties that can lead to self-harm?

Answer 41

Health Housing Finance Relationships

Question 42

What percentage of 'self-harmers' commit suicide within 12 months and also within 8 years?

Answer 42

1-2% within 12 months | 3% at 8 years

Question 43

How common is repetition of deliberate self-harm, and when is it most likely to occur?

Answer 43

Approximately 15% self harm again | Most repeats happen in first 3 months following first episode

Question 44

What are the three main issues that need to be assessed in patients following deliberate self-harm?

Answer 44

Immediate risk of suicide Subsequent risk of further DSH or suicide Any current medical or social problems