Micro #2 Flashcards
1
Q
Heterotrophs
A
From organic source
Such as glucose
2
Q
Autotroph
A
Inorganic source
Like C02
3
Q
An organism that grows in lower pH conditions is called
A
Acidophile
4
Q
The phase of bacterial growth curve in which the rate of multiplication equals the rate of cell death is the
A
Stationary growth phase: The population enters survival mode. The cells stop working or grow slowly. Rate of growth equals rate of death
5
Q
Phototroph
A
Theirs source of energy is light
6
Q
Chemotroph
A
Chemical compounds
7
Q
Photoautotrophs
A
Use carbon dioxide as a carbon source and light energy to make their own food
8
Q
Chemoautothrophs
A
Use carbon dioxide as carbon source but catabolize organic molecules for energy
9
Q
Photoheterotrophs
A
Acquire energy from light and acquire nutrients via catabolism or organic compounds
10
Q
Chemoheterotrophs
A
Use organic compounds for both energy and carbon
11
Q
Saprobic Microorganism
A
Some bacteria and fungi hace rigid cell wall and cannot engulf large particles of food
12
Q
Parasitic Microorganisms
A
Considered Pathogens
They can cause damage to the tissues and cause death
13
Q
Ectoparasites
A
Live on the body
14
Q
Endoparasites
A
Live in organs and tissues
15
Q
Intracellular Parasites
A
Live within cells
16
Q
Obligate Parasites
A
Unable to live outside of living host
17
Q
Passive transport
A
Transport of nutrients in a gradient
From higher density to lower density concentration
Does not use ATP
18
Q
Diffusion
A
Movement of molecules in a gradient
From higher density to lower density
19
Q
Osmosis
A
The movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane
20
Q
Facilitated difffusion
A
Utilizes carrier proteins
Will bind to a specific substance
21
Q
Hypotonic
A
Solute concentration is lower than the cells internal environment
22
Q
Hypertonic
A
Environment outside the cell had a slightly higher concentration of solutes than inside the cell
Osmotic pressure forces water to diffuse out of the cell
23
Q
Active transport
A
Transport of nutrients agains the diffusion gradient
Could be same direction of gradient but faster
24
Q
Group translocation
A
Molecule is moved across the membrane and simultaneously converted to a metabolically useful substance
25
Bulk transportation
Mass transport of large particles, cells and liquids bu engulfment and vesicle formation
26
Organisms that live on dead animals and plans and digest food by secreting enzymes are called________
1) Saprobes
2) Commensals
3) Parasites
4) Autotrophs
1)Saprobes
27
Which type of solution will result in water entering the cell?
1) Hypertonic
2) Hypotonic
3) Isotonic
4) All of the above
2)Hypotonic
28
Microorganisms that have a requirement for growth below 15 degrees celcius are called________
1) Mesophile
2) Psychrotrophs
3) Thermoduric
4) Psychrophiles
4)Psychrophiles
29
Obligate aerobes
Oxygen is an absolute necessity for their survival and growth
30
Obligate anaerobes
Cannot tolerate the presence of oxygen
| Will die in presence of oxygen
31
Facultative Anaerobes
Can survive with or without oxygen
| Usually show higher growth in presence of oxygen
32
Aerotolerant aerobes
Anaerobes that do not use oxygen but can grow in it’s presence
33
Microaerophiles
Do not grow at atmospheric oxygen concentrations
They require small amounts of oxygen
They can only live in conditions where there is reduced oxygen concentration
34
Thioglycollate Broth
It’s a medium that absorbs some of the oxygen present
Creates an oxygen gradient
Aerobic at the top
Anaerobic at the bottom
35
Neutrophiles
Microorganisms that grow at neural pH
36
Alkalinophiles
Microorganisms that prefer to grow in an higher pH
37
Osmophiles
Microorganisms living in habitats with high solute concentration
38
Symbiosis
When two organisms live together in a close partnership
39
Mutualism
When organisms live in an obligatory but mutually beneficial relationship
40
Commensalism
The relationship benefits one member but not the other
41
Parasitism
The host provides the parasitic microbe with nutrients and a habitad
The parasite looks to multiply
Usually causes harm to the host
42
Association of symbiotic organisms
Mutualism
Commensalism
Parasitism
43
Association of Non-symbiotic organisms
Synergism
| Antagonism
44
Synergism
Members cooperate and share nutrients
45
Antagonism
Some members are inhibited or destroyed by others
46
What is the most common method for microbial reproduction?
Binary fission
47
Lag phase
The start
| There is no growth
48
Exponential growth phase
There is growth reaching peak
49
Stationary phase
The growth is equal to death
50
Death phase
Cell growth is less than death rate
51
Which phase of growth has limited nutrients and exponential death of cells?
Death phase
52
Exist when organisms live in an obligatory but mutually beneficial relationship
Mutualism
53
The time required by the bacteria to double
Generation time
54
Newly inoculated cells require a period of adjustment
Lag phase
55
An organism that uses CO2 for its carbon needs and sunlight for its energy needs would be called a_________
Photoautotroph
56
Bacteria living in a freshwater stream that are transferred to acne water would______
Become dehydrated due to the loss of water
57
The methanogens, produces of methane gas, require environments that_________
Are anaerobic with hydrogen gas and CO2
58
An organism with a temperature growth range of 45°C to 60°C would be called a(n) ______.
Thermophile
59
The phase of the bacterial growth curve that shows the maximum rate of cell division is the ______.
Exponential phase
60
Use carbon dioxide as a carbon source but catabolize organic molecules for energy.
Chemoautotrophs
61
Acquire energy from light and acquire nutrients via catabolism of organic compounds.
Photoheterotrophs
62
Catabolism
The breaking down of large molecules into smaller molecules
63
Anabolism
The building of larger molecules from smaller molecules.
| Catabolic activities produce energy in the form of ATP that can then be used in anabolic reactions.
64
Can enzymes be regulated?
True
False
True
65
What are enzymes composed of?
1) Fats
2) Sugars
2) Proteins
3) DNA
4) All of the above
2)Proteins
66
What is the job of the enzymes?
Enzymes help reactions occur more quickly by lowering the amount of energy required for the reaction to occur
67
Enzymes_________ the activation energy
1) Increase
2) Lower
2)Lower
68
Factors affecting enzyme activity
Temperature - As temperature increases so the reaction rate
Concentration of catalyst - More enzymes increase reaction rate
Concentration of reactants
pH
69
Which one of the following does NOT affect enzyme activity?
1) Temperature
2) Number of active sites
3) pH
4) Concentration of reactants
2)Number of actives sites
70
What does holoenzyme mean?
Complete and functional enzyme
71
What are holoenzymes made out of?
Apoenzymes
&
Any required coenzymes/cofactors
72
Oxidoreductases
Involved in oxidation/reduction reaction
E.g Lactate dehydrogenase & Oxidase
Substrates: Pyruvic acid & Molecular Oxygen
Catalyzes the conversion of pyruvic acid to lactic acid
Catalyzes the reduction of O2
73
Transferases
Transfer functional groups
E.g. DNA polymerase
Substrate: DNA Nucleosides
Synthesizes a strand of DNA using the complementary strand as a model
74
Hydrolases
Cleave bonds with the addition of water
E.g Penicillinace & Lactase
Substrate: Penicillin & Lactose
Hydrolyses beta-lactam ring
Breaks lactose down into glucose and galactose
75
Lyases
Add or remove groups without the addition of water
76
Isomerase
Change the isometric for
77
Ligases
Form bonds with the addition of ATP and removal of water
78
Exoenzyme
Enzyme outside the cell
79
How are most enzymes produced?
Via gene transcription and translation
80
Constitutive enzymes
Always present within a particular cell type
| Present in relatively constant amounts
81
Regulated Enzymes
These enzymes are turned ON or OFF depending on substrate concentration within the cell
82
Feedback inhibition
A process in which the final product in the reaction will feedback to shit down the metabolic pathway
83
Competitive Inhibition
A molecule that mimics the shape of the substrate, binds to the active site and prevents the normal substrate from binding
84
Non-competitive inhibition
A molecule will bind to a site on the enzyme that is outside of the active site
This binding causes the enzyme to change its 3D shape
So the active site is no longer functional
The original substrate is unable to bind to the enzyme
85
When enzyme action stops due to a buildup of end product that acts as a regulatory molecule, this control is called ______.
Non-competitive inhibition
86
The formation of peptide bonds between amino acids to build a polypeptide is an example of ______.
Anabolism
87
A ______________ is an organic molecule needed to form a holoenzyme.
1) ATP
2) Coenzymes
3) Cofactors
4) Vitamins
2)Coenzymes
88
The binding site for the substrate is the __________________.
Active site
89
Increasing the amount of the enzyme will increase the ___________.
Reaction rate
90
Binding of the substrate to the enzyme produces a/an _____________ complex.
Enzyme/substrate complex
91
An __________________ will slow down or stop enzyme activity.
Inhibitor
92
A _________________mimics the shape of the substrate.
Competitive inhibitor
93
When a molecule regulates the activity of an enzyme by binding to a site outside of the active site, it is known as a/an __________________.
Non-competitive
94
Enzymes lower the __________________.
Activation energy
95
__________is the sum of all the chemical reactions that take place in an organism
Metabolism
96
During aerobic cellular respiration, the final electron acceptor is ______.
1) Oxygen
2) Cytochrome C
3) Pyruvic Acid
4) Nítrate
5) FAD
1)Oxygen
97
The overall chemical equation for cellular respiration is___________
C6H12O6 [glucose] + 6 O2 = 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP
98
When glucose is broken down by glycolysis during bacterial fermentation, what is the usual net production of ATP?
2
99
Fermentation
The incomplete oxidation of glucose
| It is an inefficient way to produce ATP
100
The Krebs cycle is important for the catabolism of the three macromolecules____________
1) Carbohydrates
2) Proteins
3) Fats
101
In bacterial cells, the electron transport system is located in the ______.
Cell membrane
102
The formation of citric acid from oxaloacetic acid and an acetyl group begins ______.
The Krebs cycle
103
Oxygen reacts with hydrogen to produce ______________in the electron transport chain.
Water
104
As the electron transport carriers shuttle electrons, they actively pump _____ into the outer membrane compartment, setting up a concentration gradient called the proton motive force.
Hydrogen ions
105
The reactions of fermentation function to produce _______ molecules for further use in glycolysis.
NAD+
106
During anaerobic respiration a common final electron acceptor is _____.
NO3
107
In the cell, energy released by electrons is often used to phosphorylate ______.
ADP
108
who developed the gram stain?
Hans
109
What color does gram positive stain?
Purple
110
What color does gram negative stain?
Red/Pink
111
Why does bacteria stain differently?
Because of their cell wall structure
Gram positive has a thicker wall so it retains the purple color after being washed with the iodine
Gram negative is not capable of retaining the color so it stains with the secondary dye
112
What are viruses?
- Viruses are miniscule, acellular, infectious agents that use the host's machinery for replication
- Packaged in a protein called capsid
- Obligate intracellular parasites
113
Viroids
Non-cellular agents
Smaller than viruses
Are infectious RNA strands
114
Prions
Non-cellular agents
Smaller than viruses
Are infectious Proteins
115
Host cells of viruses include:
a) Humans & other Animals
b) Bacteria
c) Protozoa and Algae
d) Plants & Fungi
e) All of the choices are correct
e)All of the choices are correct
116
Viruses are:
```
a)Acellular infectious agents
Have DNA or RNA as genetic material
b)All of the statements are correct
c)Can infect bacteria or eukaryotes
d)parasitic microorganisms
```
b)All the statements are correct
117
What does virus in latin mean?
Poison
118
Who identified the unique characteristics of viruses?
The unique characteristics of viruses were first identified by Ivanovski and Beijernick
119
Extracellular virions
- Have capsids (Nucleocapsids)
| - Some have a phospholipid envelope
120
Intracellular virions
The capsid is removed and the virus exists as nucleic acid
121
Capsid
- Provides protection
| - Means of attachment to host cell
122
What's an enveloped virus?
Viruses with a phospholipid bilayer envelope
123
Whats a naked virus?
These lack coverage like the envelopes
124
Some viruses have virally coded __________ (spikes) that playa role in recognition and attachment to a host
Glycoproteins
125
Bacteriophage
The type of virus that invades bacteria
126
Mycophage
The type of virus that invades Fungal cells
