Antoine van Leeuwenhoek
First person to build and use a microscope
Carolus Linnaeus
Taxonomy and nomenclatures
Joseph Lister
Antiseptics
Hand washing
Ignaz Semmelweis
Made connection between puerperal fever and examinations to delivery women
Alexander Fleming
Antibiotics
Discovered Penicillin
What are Koch’s postulates?
Causative agent found
Agent must be isolated and grown outside the host
When agent is introduced into a healthy host, the host must get the disease
The same agent must be re-isolated from experimental host
Germ theory of disease
Pasteur
Microorganisms could be the cause of disease
Monosaccharides
Sugars that can not be hydrolyzed
Disaccharides
2 monosaccharides
Polysaccharide
Several monosaccharides grouped together
Carbohydrates
Monosaccharides 1
Disaccharides 2
Polysaccharides 3+
Lipids
Triglycerides
Phospholipids
Triglycerides
Three fatty acid groups
Natural fats and oils
Phospholipids
Class of lipids who are hydrophobic
DNA structure and sugars
1 Phosphate
1 Sugar
1 Nitrogen base
RNA structure and sugars
Consist of 4 nitrogenous bases
Gram stain procedure
Application of a primary stain - Cresyl violet (Blue)
Depolarization - Cell wall (Positive or negative charge)
Counterstain - Safranin (Pink)
Gram positive
Blue/Purple
Skin
Mucus membranes
Thick Peptidoglycan ()
Gram negative
Red/Pink
Gastrointestinal track
Urogenital Track
Thin peptidoglycan layer (Doesn’t hold pink primary stain)
Atypical Bacteria
Does not respond to primary stain nor counterstain
Do not show color
Due to lack of cell wall
Anabolism
Taking small molecules and building them up and creating larger molecules
Requires ATP
Catabolism
Taking larger molecules and break them apart
All this with the purpose of releasing energy in the for of ATP
Enzymes
Very specific Lock and key fashion Decrease the activate energy needed for the reaction Therefore speeding the reaction Re-usable
Competitive inhibitor
Compete for the same binding (ACTIVE) site
Non-competitive
Binds to another side other than the ACTIVE site
ATP
Adenine triphosphate
ADP
ATP after they’ve lost the phosphate
Substrate level phosphorylation
A phosphate is transferred from some molecule to ADP to create ATP
Oxidative Phosphorylation
Phosphate is added to ADP through series of REDOX reactions
Occurring during a respiratory pathway
Photophosphorylation
Phosphate is added to ADP to make ATP
All this using energy from the sun
What are the five I’s
Inoculation Incubation Isolation Inspection Identification
Types of Helminths
Roundworms
Pinworms
Tapeworms
Pathogen
Any agent that causes disease Virus Bacteria Fungus Parasite
Glycolysis
Break down of sugars
Takes place in the cytoplasm
Does not require oxygen
Similarities between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
Posses genetic information
Presence of ribosomes
Plasma membrane
Cytoplasm
Parasites
Harbored and nourished by the host
Always harmful to the host
Biofilm Infections
Attach to the surface Cemented by sugars secreted by the bacteria Very difficult to dislodge Ear, prostate, and lung infections Heart valves and artificial joints
Ferdinand Cohn
Classification of bacteria Spherical Rods Threads Spirals
Robert Koch
Postulates for culturing
Isolated anthrax
Develop staining methods
What are the nitrogenous bases called purines?
Adenine
Guanine
What are the nitrogenous bases called pyrimidines?
Thymine
Cytosine
How do the nitrogenous bases pair up?
Adenine with Thymine
Guanine with Cytosine
Features of eukaryotic cells
Cytoplasmic membrane Nucleus Mitochondria Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi Apparatus Cytoskeleton
External parts of the Eukaryotic cell
Flagella Cilia Capsules Slime Glycocalix
Boundary parts of the cell
Cell wall
Cytoplasmic membrane
Internal parts of the Eukaryotic cell
Cytoplasm Nucleus Organelles Ribosomes Cytoskeleton
What constitutes the nucleus?
Nuclear envelope
Nucleus
Chromosomes
What are the organelles?
Endoplasmic reticulum - Ribosomes
Golgi apparatus - Lysosomes
Mitochondria
Chloroplasts
What makes up the cytoskeleton?
Microtubules
Intermediate filaments
Actin filaments
What is meiosis?
Production of gametes
What do chloroplast do?
They convert the energy of sunlight into chemical energy through photosynthesis
Asexual reproduction
Budding
