micro. ch.10

Question 1

Systematics (phylogeny)

Answer 1

Study of evolutionary history of organisms, hierarchy of taxa (similarity categories)

Question 2

three domain system

Answer 2

1978 Carl Woese, Archaea, Bacteria, & Eukarya
Phylogenic classification of bacteria is based on rRNA.
differ in membrane lipids, tRNA, sensitivity and antibiotics

Question 3

Endosymbiotic Theory

Answer 3

1st prokaryote found 3.5 billion yrs. ago
prokaryotes cell wall enveloped nuclear material
chromosomes fragmented- transposons, pieces of DNA on proka
other proka. formed in mitochondria and chloroplast

Question 4

Domain Bacteria

Answer 4

all the pathogenic prokaryotes as well as many of the nonpathogenic proka. found in soil and water.

Question 5

Domain Archaea

Answer 5

includes proka. that do not have a peptidoglycan in their cell wall.
live often in extreme environments an carry out unusual metabolic process

Question 6

Binomial Nomenclature

Answer 6

1) Genus-always a noun (name) underlin or itali
2) specie- adjective under or ital
Order adds suffix- ales
family suffix- aceae
(kingdom-phylum-class-order-family-genus-species)

Question 7

Species Deff.

Answer 7

Eukaryotic specie
prokaryotic specie
Clone
Strain
Viral specie

Question 8

eukaryotic specie

Answer 8

Group of closely related organisms that breed among themselves

Question 9

Prokaryotic Specie

Answer 9

Population of cells with similar characteristics

Question 10

Clone

Answer 10

Population if cells derived from a single cell

Question 11

Strain

Answer 11

Genetically different cells within a clone

Question 12

Viral specie

Answer 12

Population with similar characteristics, occupies a particular ecological niche
(morphology, genes, and enzymes)

Question 13

domain Eukarya

Answer 13

Animalia
Plantae
Fungi
Protista

Question 14

Animalia

Answer 14

Domain: Eukarya
Multicellular; no cell walls; Chemoheteterothropic
sponges, various worms, insects, and animals with backbones

Question 15

Plantae

Answer 15

Domain: Eukarya

Multicellular; cellulose cell walls; usually photoautotrophic

Question 16

Fungi

Answer 16

Domain; Eukarya
Chemoheterotropic; unicellular(yeast) or multicellular molds and microscopic species (mushrooms); cell walls of chitin, develop from spores or hyphal fragments

Question 17

Protista

Answer 17

Domain: Eukarya

a catchall for eukaryotic organisms that do not fit other kingdoms

Question 18

standard Identification methods( SIM’s)

Answer 18

Morphological Characteristics
Differential Staining
Biochemical tests
Serology
Phage Typing
Fatty Acid profiles

Question 19

morphological Characteristics

Answer 19

SIM’s
useful for identifying Eukaryotes
structural Characteristics

Question 20

Differential Staining

Answer 20

SIM’s
Gram staining, acid fast staining
useful for a more limited group of microbes.

Question 21

Biochemical Tests

Answer 21

SIM’s
use to separate bacteria into distinct species
( all Enterobacteriaceae)

Question 22

Serology

Answer 22

SIM’s
Combine known antiserum + unknown bacterium
A- Slide Agglutination
B- ELISA ( Ez-Linked Immunosorbent Assay) used in AIDS (HIV) test
C- Western Blot: used in ID antibodies in serum such as HIV and Lyme disease

Question 23

Phage Typing

Answer 23

SIM’s
bacterial viruses attack specific bacteria
A- used for source of food-associated infections
B- surgical infection matches from nurse or Dr.

Question 24

Fatty Acid Profiles

Answer 24

SIM’s

aka FAME= fatty acid methyl ester

Question 25

Cladogram (other method of ID)

Answer 25

Calculate % similarity in nucleotide bases between each species construct A- maps that show evolutionary relationships among organisms. Clado- means branch

Question 26

Cladogram (other method of ID)

Answer 26

length of horizontal lines that correspond to % similarity values A- each branch point ( node) represents an ancestor common to all species