Micro Chapter 13 Flashcards by Joshua Margolis

What did Fred Griffith determine with his experiment in 1928?
A) The transforming material is DNA
B) A transforming material changed nonvirulent pathogens to virulent pathogens
C) DNA carries genetic information
D) All of the above

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What did Oswald Avery determine with his experiment?
A) Enzymatic degradation of protein prevented transformation of pathogenicity
B) Enzymatic degradation of RNA prevented transformation of pathogenicity
C) Enzymatic degradation of DNA prevented transformation of pathogenicity
D) All of the above

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What did Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty determine with their experiment in 1944?
A) The transforming principle is DNA
B) The transforming principle is RNA
C) The transforming principle is protein
D) None of the above

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What did Hershey and Chase determine with their experiment in 1952?
A) DNA or RNA is the genetic material in bacteriophages
B) DNA or RNA is the genetic material in bacteria
C) DNA is the genetic material in T2 bacteriophages
D) DNA is the genetic material in bacteria

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Synthesis of a DNA that is directed by a template and catalyzed by DNA polymerase is called
	A)	Transcription
	B)	Translation
	C)	Replication
	D)	Recombination

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Synthesis of an RNA copy of a gene that is directed by DNA is called
	A)	Transcription
	B)	Translation
	C)	Replication
	D)	Recombination

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Transcription yields which of the following?
	A)	Messenger RNA
	B)	Transfer RNA
	C)	Ribosomal RNA
	D)	All of the above

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The process by which information in a form of RNA is decoded and used to synthesize a peptide is called
	A)	Transcription
	B)	Translation
	C)	Replication
	D)	Recombination

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Which of the following is true of the DNA molecule?
A) Forms a double helix of two complimentary strands
B) Nucleotides include adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil
C) The sugar found in the nucleotides is ribose
D) All of the above

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Which of the following is true of the RNA molecule?
A) Most molecules are single-stranded
B) Nucleotides include adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil
C) The sugar found in the nucleotides is ribose
D) All of the above

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Synthesis of DNA begins at the
	A)	Sigma factor
	B)	Replication fork
	C)	DNA polymerase
	D)	None of the above

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\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ catalyzes DNA synthesis in a 5' to 3' direction, adding dNTPs to the 3' end.
	A)	Helicase
	B)	DNA polymerase
	C)	RNA polymerase
	D)	RecA

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Which of the following conditions is required for DNA polymerase to synthesize DNA?
	A)	5' to 3' DNA template
	B)	Primer to provide a free 3'-OH group
	C)	dNTPs
	D)	All of the above

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Which replication enzyme unwinds and separates the DNA strands?
	A)	DNA polymerase
	B)	Topoisomerase
	C)	Helicase
	D)	RNA polymerase

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Which replication enzyme breaks the DNA strands without altering the nucleotide sequence in order to relieve tension caused by supercoiling?
	A)	DNA polymerase
	B)	Topoisomerase
	C)	Helicase
	D)	RNA polymerase

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Which of the following is true of the DNA lagging strand?
A) It is synthesized continuously in the 5’ to 3’ direction
B) It is synthesized continuously in the 3’ to 5’ direction
C) It is synthesized discontinuously in short fragments in the 5’ to 3’ direction
D) It is synthesized discontinuously in short fragments in the 3’ to 5’ direction

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Which replication enzyme links the Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand?
	A)	DNA polymerase
	B)	Helicase
	C)	Primase
	D)	DNA ligase

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Proofreading of the DNA by DNA polymerase occurs
A) Immediately after a mismatched base is added
B) After 100 base pairs are added
C) After 1000 base pairs are added
D) After the entire DNA strand is replicated

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Which replication enzyme is capable of replicating the ends of linear eukaryotic chromosomes?
	A)	RNA polymerase
	B)	Primase
	C)	Telomerase
	D)	DNA ligase

Which of the following is true of transcription of protein-coding genes?
A) mRNA is synthesized in a 3’ to 5’ direction
B) A promoter is required as a recognition and binding site for RNA polymerase
C) The first nucleotides transcribed code for an amino acid
D) All of the above

In Bacteria, the sequence that initiates translation is called the
	A)	Primer
	B)	Promoter
	C)	TATA box
	D)	Shine-Dalgarno sequence

What is the function of the trailer sequence?
A) It signals the end of the protein
B) It stops the ribosome during translation
C) It prepares RNA polymerase for release from the template strand
D) Signals the RNA polymerase to stop transcription

Which of the following is true of genes coding for tRNA?
A) Each gene codes for one single tRNA molecule
B) Segments coding for tRNAs are separated by short spacer sequences
C) Are transcribed completely without modifications
D) All of the above

The role of transfer RNA (tRNA) is to
A) Carry the message for protein synthesis
B) Serve as a component of the ribosomes
C) Carry amino acids during protein synthesis
D) None of the above

Which of the following is true of polycistronic mRNA? A) Present in Bacteria B) Present in Archaea C) Carries the information that codes for several genes D) All of the above

``` Synthesis of RNA is A) Bidirectional B) Creates energy in the form of ATP C) Requires energy in the form of ATP D) All of the above ```

``` In RNA synthesis, the sigma factor A) Helps the RNA holoenzyme recognize the promoter B) Catalyzes RNA synthesis C) Terminates transcription D) All of the above ```

As the transcription of RNA progresses in Bacteria, A) RNA polymerase unwinds the DNA B) A temporary RNA:DNA hybrid forms C) The sigma factor dissociates to help another RNA polymerase core enzyme initiate transcription D) All of the above

``` The first codon in the protein-coding portion of RNA molecules is usually A) UAG B) UGA C) UAA D) AUG ```

``` Codons that direct amino acid incorporation into proteins are called A) Missense codons B) Nonsense codons C) Sense codons D) Anticodons ```

Which of the following is true of translation? A) Protein synthesis is unidirectional B) Growing cells translate mRNA into protein at a rapid rate C) Addition of an amino acid to a growing polypeptide chain starts at the N-terminal group and ends in the C-terminal direction D) All of the above

``` Transcription and translation are coupled in which of the following domains of life? A) Archaea only B) Bacteria only C) Eukarya only D) Both Archaea and Bacteria ```

``` The process in which amino acids are attached to tRNA molecules is called A) Amino acid activation B) tRNA activation C) Codon activation D) Anticodon activation ```

``` Which of the following enzymes catalyzes the reaction that activates amino acids? A) ATP synthetases B) Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase C) Peptidases D) Translocases ```

``` The structure of tRNA that maximizes complimentary base pairing is a A) T shape B) Hairpin shape C) Cloverleaf shape D) None of the above ```

``` The role of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is to A) Contribute to ribosome structure B) Initiate protein synthesis C) Act as a ribozyme to catalyze peptide bond formation D) All of the above ```

Translation of mRNA in bacterial cells begins when A) An amino acid is added to the C-terminus of a polypeptide chain B) The initiator fMet-tRNA binds to a free 30S ribosomal subunit C) Peptidyl transferase catalyzes transpeptidation between adjacent amino acids D) The ribosome disengages from mRNA

``` Which of the following steps is part of the elongation cycle in translation? A) Aminoacyl-tRNA binding B) Transpeptidation reaction C) Translocation D) All of the above ```

``` The first site for binding tRNA on the ribosome is the A) Peptidyl or donor (P) site B) Aminoacyl or acceptor (A) site C) Exit (E) site D) None of the above ```

``` Which of the following enzymes catalyzes the transpeptidation reaction linking amino acids in the growing polypeptide chain? A) Transpeptidase B) Peptidyl transferase C) Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase D) Translocase ```

Which of the following events occurs during translocation? A) The peptidyl-tRNA moves from the A site to the P site B) The ribosome moves one codon along mRNA so that a new codon is positioned in the A site C) The empty tRNA moves from the P site to the E site and then leaves the ribosome D) All of the above

``` Proteins that fold nascent polypeptides into their functional shape are called A) Heat-shock proteins B) Molecular chaperone proteins C) Domain proteins D) None of the above ```

``` Movement of proteins from the cytoplasm to the membrane or to the periplasmic space is called A) Transpeptidation B) Translocation C) Transportation D) Secretion ```

``` Which protein translocation system in bacteria moves unfolded proteins across the plasma membrane or integrates them into the membrane? A) The Sec system B) The Tat system C) Type I secretion systems D) Type IV secretion systems ```

``` Which protein translocation system in bacteria is involved in the secretion of toxins? A) The Sec system B) The Tat system C) Type I secretion systems D) Type IV secretion systems ```

``` Which protein translocation system in bacteria transfers DNA from a donor bacterium to a recipient during bacterial conjugation? A) The Sec system B) The Tat system C) Type I secretion systems D) Type IV secretion systems ```