Micro Chapter 37

Question 1

The science that studies the distribution, occurrence, and control of health and disease in a defined population is called
	A)	Bioinformatics
	B)	Epidemiology
	C)	Immunology
	D)	Clinical laboratory science

Answer 1

B

Question 2

The national agency for developing and carrying out disease prevention and control is called the
A) Department of Homeland Security
B) National Institutes of Health
C) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
D) World Health Organization

Answer 2

C

Question 3

A disease that is maintained in a population at a steady, low-level frequency is
	A)	Sporadic
	B)	Endemic
	C)	Epidemic
	D)	Pandemic

Answer 3

B

Question 4

The sudden, unexpected occurrence of a disease, usually in a limited segment of a population, is called
	A)	An outbreak
	B)	An epidemic
	C)	A pandemic
	D)	A sporadic disease

Answer 4

A

Question 5

An increase in disease occurrence within a large population over a very wide region is called
	A)	An outbreak
	B)	An epidemic
	C)	A pandemic
	D)	A sporadic disease

Answer 5

C

Question 6

The U.S. Public Health Service began in
	A)	The early 1800s
	B)	The mid 1800s
	C)	The late 1800s
	D)	The early 1900s

Answer 6

C

Question 7

The first epidemiologist who studied the cholera outbreak in London was
	A)	Robert Koch
	B)	Jonas Salk
	C)	Alexander Fleming
	D)	John Snow

Answer 7

D

Question 8

The science of protecting populations and improving the health of human communities through education is called
	A)	Epidemiology
	B)	Public health
	C)	Preventive medicine
	D)	Sociology

Answer 8

B

Question 9

Which scientific theory advanced the scientific-based monitoring process used to track communicable disease?
A) Theory of evolution by natural selection
B) Cell theory
C) Germ theory of disease
D) Endosymbiotic theory

Answer 9

C

Question 10

Which of the following methods can be used for to obtain health surveillance information?
A) Controlled experiments and clinical trials
B) Double-blind experiments and case studies
C) Case studies and direct observations
D) Population surveys and case reporting

Answer 10

D

Question 11

Which of the following methods can be used to study the geographic distribution, dynamics, and environmental correlates of microbial diseases?
	A)	Bioinformatics
	B)	Geographic information system (GIS)
	C)	Mortality and morbidity reports
	D)	Population surveys

Answer 11

B

Question 12

The morbidity rate is calculated as
A) The number of deaths divided by the number of individuals in the population
B) The number of total cases of a disease divided by the number of individuals in the population
C) The number of new cases of a disease divided by the number of individuals in the population
D) The number of new cases of a disease during a specified period divided by a number of individuals in the population

Answer 12

D

Question 13

The prevalence of disease depends upon
A) The incidence rate
B) The duration of the illness
C) Both the incidence rate and the duration of the illness
D) Neither the incidence rate nor the duration of the illness

Answer 13

C

Question 14

The mortality rate is calculated as
A) The number of new cases of a disease divided by the number of individuals in the population
B) The number of deaths due to a given disease divided by the size of the total population with the same disease
C) The number of deaths due to a given disease divided by the size of the total population
D) The number of deaths due to a given disease divided by the number of deaths due to any cause in the total population

Answer 14

B

Question 15

An infectious disease that can be transmitted from person to person is known as a
	A)	Systemic infection
	B)	Communicable disease
	C)	Transferable disease
	D)	Environmental disease

Answer 15

A

Question 16

What type of epidemic is characterized by reaching a peak level within a short period of time (1-2 weeks), followed by a rapid decline in infected patients?
	A)	A common-source epidemic
	B)	A rapid epidemic
	C)	A propagated epidemic
	D)	A static epidemic

Answer 16

D

Question 17

Which of the following is a surveillance method used by epidemiologists?
	A)	Morbidity and mortality reports
	B)	Reviews of laboratory results
	C)	Demographic data on populations
	D)	All of the above

Answer 17

D

Question 18

In the course of an epidemic, the number of susceptible individuals
	A)	Increases
	B)	Decreases
	C)	Remains the same
	D)	None of the above

Answer 18

B

Question 19

The resistance of a population to infection and pathogen spread due to the immunity of a large presence of the population is known as
	A)	Resistance effect
	B)	Vicarious immunity
	C)	Herd immunity
	D)	Threshold immunity

Answer 19

C

Question 20

Which of the following is true of antigenic shift?
A) Involves minor genetic changes
B) May cause the pathogen to avoid recognition by the host immune system
C) Is always transmitted between hosts of the same species
D) All of the above

Answer 20

B

Question 21

Public health officials recommend that \_\_\_\_\_\_ of the population be immunized against common infectious diseases, in order to provide the herd immunity necessary for the protection of those who were not immunized.
	A)	10%
	B)	20%
	C)	50%
	D)	70%

Answer 21

D

Question 22

Which of the following diseases appeared as public health concerns in the last quarter of the 20th Century?
	A)	Escherichia coli O157:H7
	B)	HIV
	C)	Ebola virus
	D)	All of the above

Answer 22

D

Question 23

The field of epidemiology that focuses on the ecological and social factors that influence the development of disease is known as
	A)	Medical epidemiology
	B)	Tropical epidemiology
	C)	Systematic epidemiology
	D)	Microbial ecology

Answer 23

C

Question 24

Which of the following factors contribute to the spread of microorganisms and their diseases?
	A)	Global climate change
	B)	Habitat destruction
	C)	Increased global travel
	D)	All of the above

Answer 24

D

Question 25

``` Infections resulting from pathogens acquired by patients while in a hospital or nursing facility are known as A) Social infections B) Community infections C) Nosocomial infections D) Vector-borne infections ```

Answer 25

C

Question 26

``` What percentage of all hospital patients acquires some type of nosocomial infection? A) 5% B) 20% C) 30% D) 40% ```

Answer 26

A

Question 27

``` Nosocomial infections are usually caused by A) Fungi B) Protists C) Bacteria D) Viruses ```

Answer 27

C

Question 28

``` An infection that is caused by an agent derived from the microbiota of a patient is called an A) Autogenous infection B) Endogenous infection C) Exogenous infection D) None of the above ```

Answer 28

B

Question 29

Which of the following practices limits the spread of nosocomial infections? A) Quarantining all patients with infectious disease B) Practicing proper hand-washing procedures C) Prescribing prophylactic antibiotics to all patients D) All of the above

Answer 29

B

Question 30

The key factor responsible for the rise in drug-resistant pathogens is A) Use of synthetic antibiotics B) Excessive or inappropriate use of antimicrobial therapy C) General decline in sanitation D) All of the above

Answer 30

B

Question 31

``` Which of the following infection control measures is directed toward reducing or eliminating the source or reservoir of infection? A) Prophylactic antimicrobial therapy B) Passive immunization C) Social distancing D) Pasteurization of milk ```

Answer 31

C

Question 32

``` Which of the following infection control measures is designed to break the connection between the source of the infection and susceptible individuals? A) Social distancing B) Pasteurization of milk C) Treatment of water and sewage D) Prophylactic antimicrobial therapy ```

Answer 32

B

Question 33

``` Which of the following infection control methods raises the general level of herd immunity? A) Treatment of water and sewage B) Social distancing C) Destruction of mosquitoes D) Active immunization ```

Answer 33

D

Question 34

``` _________________ attempts to induce antibodies and activate T cells to protect a host from future infection. A) Antimicrobial therapy B) Vaccination C) Social distancing D) Epidemiological surveillance ```

Answer 34

B

Question 35

``` Which of the following molecules can be added to vaccines to enhance the rate and degree of immunization? A) Haptens B) Epitopes C) Superantigens D) Adjuvants ```

Answer 35

D

Question 36

``` The first widespread vaccination was against A) Rabies B) Anthrax C) Smallpox D) Bubonic plague ```

Answer 36

C

Question 37

``` ____________ vaccines are effective but require multiple boosters to induce an immune response. A) Inactivated B) Attenuated C) Subunit D) DNA ```

Answer 37

A

Question 38

``` The intentional use of microbes or their products to purposely produce death in organisms is called A) Bioterrorism B) Social epidemiology C) Biological warfare D) Medical warfare ```

Answer 38

A

Question 39

Biological agents are likely to be chosen as a means of localized attack because A) Microbes remain undetected B) The public may not be protected immunologically C) Its use would result in fear, panic, and chaos D) All of the above

Answer 39

D

Question 40

``` The first recorded biological warfare attack occurred in A) Washington, DC B) Tokyo C) Caffa D) Madrid ```

Answer 40

C

Question 41

A role of the Department of Homeland Security is to A) Improve the nation's public health infrastructure B) Maintain a National Incident Management System C) Boost grant funding for the National Institutes of Health D) All of the above

Answer 41

B

Question 42

One of the most important strategies of prophylaxis in travel medicine is A) Reading CDC travel advisories B) Vaccination C) Avoid uncooked food and untreated water D) Avoid swimming and wading

Answer 42

B