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Step 1 Exam > Micro Systems - First Aid > Flashcards

Micro Systems - First Aid Flashcards

1
Q

Dominant flora of the skin

A

S. epidermidis

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2
Q

Dominant flora of the nose

A

S. epidermidis; colonized by S. aureus

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3
Q

Dominant flora of the oropharynx

A

viridans group strep

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4
Q

Dominant flora of the dental plaque

A

S. mutans

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5
Q

Dominant flora of the colon

A

B. fragilis > E. coli

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6
Q

Dominant flora of the vagina

A

Lactobacillus; colonized by E. coli and group B strep

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7
Q

Food poisoning that starts and ends quickly is from…

A

S. aureus or B. cereus.

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8
Q

B. cereus source

A

reheated rice

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9
Q

C. botulinum source

A

improperly canned foods

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10
Q

C. perfringens source

A

reheated meat dishes

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11
Q

E. coli O157:H7 source

A

undercooked meat

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12
Q

Salmonella source

A

poultry, meat, eggs

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13
Q

S. aureus source

A

meats, mayonnaise, custard; preformed toxin

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14
Q

V. parahaemolyticus and V. vulnificus source

A

contaminated seafood

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15
Q

Bugs that cause bloody diarrhea (7)

A
  1. campylobacter
  2. E. histolytica
  3. EHEC
  4. EIEC
  5. Salmonella
  6. Shigella
  7. Yersinia enterocolitica
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16
Q

Bugs that cause watery diarrhea (6)

A
  1. C. difficile
  2. C. perfringens
  3. ETEC
  4. Protozoa (Giardia, Cryptosporidium)
  5. V. cholerae
  6. Viruses
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17
Q

Common causes of pneumonia in neonates (< 4 wks)

A
  1. Group B strep

2. E. coli

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18
Q

Common causes of pneumonia in children 1 mo - 18 yrs

A 
Viruses (RSV)
Mycoplasma
C. trachomatis (infants - 3 yrs)
C. pneumnoniae (school-aged)
S. pnumoniae
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19
Q

Common causes of pneumonia in 18-40 yr olds

A

Mycoplasma
C. pneumoniae
S. pneumoniae

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20
Q

Common causes of pneumonia in the elderly

A 
S. pneumoniae
Influenza virus
Anaerobes
H. influenzae
Gram-negative rods
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21
Q

Common causes of pneumoniae in alcoholics/IVDUs

A

S. pneumoniae
Klebsiella
Staph

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22
Q

Common causes of pneumonia (aspiration)

A

Anaerobes

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23
Q

Commona atypical pneumonias

A
  • Mycoplasma
  • Legionella
  • Chlamydia
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24
Q

Common causes of pneumonia in Cystic Fibrosis

A

Pseudomonas
S. aureus
S. pneumoniae

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25
Q

Common causes of pneumonia in the immunocompromised

A 
STaph
enteric gram-negative rods
fungi
viruses
P. jirovecii
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26
Q

common nosocomial causes of pneumonia

A

Stap

pseudomonas

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27
Q

Common causes of postviral pneumonia

A

staph
H. influenzae
S. pneumonia

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28
Q

Common causes of meningitis in newborns (0-6 mo)

A

Group B strep
E. coli
Listeria

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29
Q

common causes of meningitis inchildren 6 mo - 6 yrs

A

S. pnumoniae
N. meningitidis
H. ib
Enteroviruses

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30
Q

Common causes of meningitis in those 6-60 yrs

A

S. pneumnoiae
N. meningitidis
enteroviruses
HSV

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31
Q

common causes of meningitis in those over 60

A

S.pneumoniae

Listeria

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32
Q

To treat pneumonia, empirically give…

A

ceftriaxone and vancomycin. Add ampicillin if listeria is suspected.

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33
Q

Viral causes of meningitis include…

A

enterovirus (esp coxsackie), HSV-2, HIV, west nile and VZV

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34
Q

In HIV, likely causes of meningitis are…

A

Cryptococcus, CMV, toxoplasmosis (brain abscess) and JC virus.

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35
Q

CSF findings in bacterial meningitis

A

Opening pressure: increased
Cell type: increased PMNs
Protein: increased
Sugar: decreased

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36
Q

CSF findings in fungal/TB meningitis

A

Opening pressure: increased
Cell type: increased lymphocytes
Protein: increased
Sugar: decreased

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37
Q

CSF findings in viral meningitis

A

Opening pressure: normal/increased
Cell type: increased lymphocytes
Protein: normal/increased
Sugar: normal

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38
Q

Most common cause of Osteomyelitis is…

A

S. aureus.

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39
Q

If a pt is sexually active and has osteomyelitis, think…

A

N. gonorrhoeae or septic arthitis.

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40
Q

If a pt has osteomyelitis and diabetes/or IVDU, suspect…

A

P. aeruginosa or serratia.

41
Q

If a pt has osteomyelitis and sickle cell, suspect…

A

salmonella.

42
Q

If a pt has prosthetic joint replacement and osteomyelitis, suspect…

A

S. aureus and S. epidermidis.

43
Q

If a pt has osteomyelitis with vertebral involvement, suspect…

A

Mycobacterium tubercuosis (pott disease).

44
Q

If a pt has cat and dog bites and osteomyelitis, suspect…

A

pasteurella multocida.

45
Q

Osteomyelitis may be subtle on…

A

radiographs and is more easily seen on MRI.

46
Q

Cystitis presents with…

A

dysuria, frequency, urgency, suprapubic pain and WBCs in the urine.

47
Q

Bladder infxn that ascends to the kidney presents with…

A

pyelonephritis (fever, chills, flank pain, CVA tenderness, hematuria, WBC casts.

48
Q

Diagnostic markers for UTI are:

A
  1. positive leukocyte esterase test = bacterial UTI

2. Nitrite test positive = gram-negative bacterial UTI

49
Q

3 most common causes of UTI are:

A
  1. E. coli
  2. Staph saprophyticus
  3. Klebsiella
50
Q

Bacterial vaginosis signs

A
  • no inflammation

- thin, white discharge with fishy odor

51
Q

Bacterial vaginosis lab findings

A
  • clue cells

- pH > 4.5

52
Q

Bacterial vaginosis treatment

A

Metronidazole

53
Q

Trichomoniasis signs

A
  • inflammation

- frothy, grey-green, foul-smelling discharge

54
Q

Trichomoniasis lab findings

A
  • motile trichomonads

- pH > 4.5

55
Q

Candida vulvovaginitis signs

A
  • inflammation

- thick, white “cottage cheese” discharge

56
Q

Candida vulvovaginitis lab findings

A
  • pseudohyphae

- pH normal (4-4.5)

57
Q

Treatment for Trichomoniasis

A

Metronidazole; also treat sexual partner

58
Q

Treatment for Candida vulvovaginitis

A

azoles

59
Q

Nonspecific signs common to many TORCHES infections are…

A

hepatosplenomegaly, jaundice, thrombocytopenia and growth retardation.

60
Q

In neonates, Parvovirus B19 causes…

A

hydrops fetalis.

61
Q

TORCHES infections

A 
Toxoplasma gondii
Rubella
CMV
HIV
HSV2
Syphilis
62
Q

Toxoplasma gondii transmission

A

cat feces or ingestion of undercooked meat

63
Q

Toxoplasma maternal manifestations

A

asymptomatic; rare lymphadenopathy

64
Q

Neotnatal manifestations of toxoplasma

A

Classic triad: chorioretinitis, hydrocephalus, intracranial calcifications

65
Q

Transmission of rubella

A

respiratory droplets

66
Q

Rubella maternal manifestations

A

rash, lymphadenopathy, arthritis

67
Q

Rubella neonate manifestations

A

Class triad: PDA, cataracts and deafness

+/- “blueberry muffin” rash

68
Q

CMV transmission

A

sexual contact

organ transplants

69
Q

CMV maternal manifestations

A

asymptomatic

rare mono-like illness

70
Q

CMV neonatal manifestations

A

hearing loss, seizures, petechial rash, “blueberry muffin” rash

71
Q

HIV neonatal manifestations

A

recurrent infections and chronic diarrhea

72
Q

HSV-2 transmission

A

skin or mucous membrane contact (during delivery)

73
Q

HSV-2 neonatal manifestations

A

encephalitis, herpetic lesions

74
Q

Syphilis maternal manifestations

A

Primary chancre and disseminated rash

75
Q

Syphilis neonatal manifestations

A
  • often results in stillbirth, hydrops fetalis
  • if child survives, present with facial abnormalities (notched teeth (Hutchinson), saddle nose, short maxilla), saber shins and deafness
76
Q

Coxsackie virus presentation/hand-foot-mouth disease

A

vesicular rash on palms and soles; vesicles/ulcers in oral mucosa

77
Q

HHV-6/Roseola presentation

A

macular rash over body appears several days after high fever; can present with febrile seizure

78
Q

Measles/Rubeola presentation

A

begininning at head and moving down; rash is preceded by cough, coryza, conjunctivitis and blue-white spots on buccal mucosa

79
Q

Parvovirus B19/Erythema infectiosum/fifth disease presentation

A

“slapped cheek” rash on face

80
Q

Rubella virus presentation

A

rash begins at head and moves down leading to a fine truncal rash; postauricular lymphadenopathy

81
Q

Strep pyogenes/scarlet fever presentation

A

erythematous, sandpaper-like rash with fever and sore throat

82
Q

VZV/Chickenpox presentation

A

vesicular rash begins on trunk; spreads to face and extremities with lesions of different ages

83
Q

Chancroid

A
  • painful genital ulcer, inguinal adenopathy

- H. ducreyi

84
Q

Chlamydia

A

-urethritis, cervicitis, conjunctivitis, reactive arthritis, PID

85
Q

Condylomata acuminata

A
  • genital warts
  • koilocytes
  • HPV-6 and 11
86
Q

Genital herpes

A
  • painful penile, vulvar or cervical vesicles and ulcers; can cause systemic symptoms such as fever, HA , myalgia
  • HSV-2
87
Q

Gonorrhea

A
  • urethritis
  • cervicitis
  • PID
  • prostatitis
  • epididymitis
  • arthritis
  • creamy purulent discharge
88
Q

Lymphogranuloma venereum

A
  • infxn of lymphatics; painless genital ulcers

- painful lymphadenopathy (buboes)

89
Q

Trichomoniasis

A
  • vaginitis
  • strawberry cervix
  • motile in wet prep
  • yellow-green discharge

(trichomonas vaginalis)

90
Q

Common causes of PID are…

A

Chlamydia trachomatis, N. gonorrhoeae.

91
Q

PID presents with…

A

cervical motion tenderness (chandelier sign), purulent discharge. May include salpingitis, endometritis, hydrosalpinx and tubo-ovarian abscess.

92
Q

PID can lead to…

A

Fitz-High-Curtis syndrome = infxn of the liver capsule and “violin string” adhesions of peritoneum to liver.

93
Q

Salpingitis is a risk factor for…

A

ectopic pregnancy, infertility, chronic pelvic pain and adhesions.

94
Q

Meningitis in unimmunized children is often caused by…

A

H. ib or poliovirus.

95
Q

Epiglottitis is often caused by…

A

H.ib (esp in unimmunized children).

96
Q

Epiglottitis presents with…

A

fever, dysphagia, drooling, dificulty breathing due to edematous “cherry red” epiglottis; shows thumbprint sign on X-ray.

97
Q

Pharyngitis in unimmunized is usually caused by…

A

C. diphtheriae

98
Q

Presentation of pharyngitis

A

graysih oropharyngeal exudate (pseduomembranes); painful throat

Step 1 Exam (32 decks)

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