MICROBIAL CONTROL Flashcards
1
Q
bacteria are preparing to divide and period of adjustment in the new environment
A
lag phase
2
Q
bacteria number increases logarithmucally or undergoes rapid cell dividion
A
log / exponential phase
3
Q
nutrients are becoming limited but the number of bacteria remains constant / state of equilibrium
A
stationary phase
4
Q
nonviable bacteria exceed the number of viable cells
A
death phase
5
Q
cells are __ % water
A
70-95 %
6
Q
which microbes survive lack of water for lung durations
A
bacterial endospores and protozoan cysts
7
Q
pH of acidophiles
A
< 5.4
8
Q
pH of alkalinophiles
A
7 - 11.5
9
Q
pH of neutrophiles
A
5.4 - 8.5
10
Q
most organisms grow best under ideas conditions of osmotic pressure, which is determined by ___
A
salt concentration
11
Q
destruction of all viable microorganisms
A
sterilization
12
Q
destruction or removal of pathogens from nonliving objects physical or chemical methods
A
disinfection
13
Q
free of viable pathogenic microorganisms
A
asepsis
14
Q
prevention of infection by inhibiting the growth of pathogens
A
antisepsis
15
Q
growth inhibiting agent
A
antiseptic
16
Q
mechanical removal of most microbes from animate or inanimate surface
A
decontamination
17
Q
soap or detergent used
A
sanitizer
18
Q
removal or reduction of microorganisms from the skin
A
degerming / degermination
19
Q
disinfectant that kill microbes, can be used on inanimate materials or on living tissue, but cannot kill resistant microbes
A
germicide
20
Q
chemical that inhibits the growth and reproduction of bacteria on tissues or on objects
A
bacteristatic / bacteriostatic agent
21
Q
inhibition of bacterial growth
A
bacteriostasis
22
Q
chemical that destroys bacteria except for endospores
A
bactericide
23
Q
substance capable of killing bacteria
A
bactericidal
24
Q
enumerate the effects of antimicrobial agents on cellular structure
A
- damage to cell wall integrity
- alteration of membrane permeability
- damage to protein and nucleic acid
25
most practical, efficient and inexpensive method of sterilization of inanimate objects / materials
heat
26
microbes with the greatest resistance to heat
bacterial endospores
27
microbes with the least resistance to heat
vegetative state of bacteria and fungi
28
- using pressurized steam
- 15 psi of pressure
- 121 C temp for 15 minutes
USE: sterilize culture media, surgical instruments, and linens
autoclaving
29
- inside a chamber
- free flowing stream for 30-60 mins
- 24 hours incubation
USES: for heat sensitive culture media, canned foods
non-pressurized steam / intermittent sterilization / tyndallization
30
- heat applied to liquids
- retains flavor and food value
USES: destroys pathogen in food: milk, yogurt, beer, etc.
pasteurization
31
- heating objects in water at 100 C
- achieves disinfection, not sterilization
USES: drinking water, utensisl, food prep, materials for babies, clothing
boiling
32
- used to destroy contaminating bacteria in vaccine prep
- water bath at 60 C
vaccine bath
33
- inactivate bacteria ocntaminating serum prep
- heating at 56 C for successive days
serum bath
34
- sterilize inoculating loops, dehydrates the cell, denatures proteins, oxidizes cell
USES: inoculation in the lab, processing culture media
direct flaming
35
- complete destruction and disposal of infectious materials
USES: infectious waste disposal
incineration
36
- oven at 180 C for 2-4 hours
USES: sterilize glassware, metal instruments, powders, and oils
hot air sterilization
37
- bacteriostatic
- slows the growth of most microorganisms
USES: preserving foods, drugs, and microbal culture
refrigeration
38
- culutres are quick-frozen at -50 to -95 C
USES: preserving foods, drugs, and microbe culture
deep freezing
39
- combines drying and freezing
- microbistatic
USES: preserving foods, drugs, antisera, and microbial cultures for years
lyophilization / freeze-drying
40
- removes water for microbial environement
- stops metabolism, growth , and reproduction
- microbistatic
USES: food preservation
desiccation / dehydration
41
- use of high concentration gradient to cause plasmolysis
- water loss from microbe
USES: food preservation
osmotic pressure
42
- passage of liquid or gas via screen or filters made of cellulose
USES: water and air purification, sterilizing heat sensitive solutions
filtration
43
- destruction of DNA and other proteisn and production of toxic susbtances
USES: sterilize material sensitive to heat: drugs, vaccines, disposable dental and medical supplies
ionizing radiation
44
- limited penetration, ineffective if microbes are protected by paper, glass or textile
USES: germicidal lamp in hospiral rooms, nurseries, OR, schools, food prep areas, detal offices; disinfect vaccines and medical products
non-ionizing radiation
45
level of chemical decontamination - kill endospores and, if properly used, are sterilant
high level
46
level of chemical decontamination - kill fungal spores, and resistant pathogens
intermediate level
47
level of chemical decontamination - eliminate only vegetative bacteria, vegetative fungal cells, and some viruses
low level
48
- highly effective components of disinfectants and antiseptics
- oxidize and denatures proteins
- microbicidal and sporicidal
halogens
49
- rapid disruption of cell wall and membranes (high conc.)
- inactivate enzyme systems (low conc.)
- microbicidal but not sporicidal
phenol / carbolic acid
50
disrupts cell membranes and coagulates intracellular components
chlorhexidine
51
- denature proteins and disrupt cell membranes
- not sporicidal
alcohol
52
chlorine, iodine, bromine, and flourine
halogens
53
cresols, bisphenols (aerosol sprays), hexachlorophene, triclosan
phenol / carbolic acid
54
gyne-pro, orahex, astring-o-sol
chlorhexidine
55
isopropyl, ethyl
alcohol
56
- free radical oxidation
- treating infections by anaerobic bacteria
- microbicical
oxidizing agents
57
- disrupt the activity of enzymes in the cell
- inactivate proteins to kill microorganisms
- microbicidal
aldehydes
58
- very penetrating, strong alkylating agents
- block bth DNA replication and enzymatic actions
- sporicidal
gasseous sterilant and disinfectant
59
- impair permeability of cell membranes
- detergents - disrupt cell membrane actvity causing cell death
- not sporicidal
surface-active agents / surfactants
60
hydrogen peroxide, ozone
oxiding agents
61
formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde
aldehydes
62
ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, chlorine dioxide
gasseous sterilant and disinfectant
63
quaternary ammonium compounds (benzalkonium chloride, certylpyridinium chloride)
surface-active agents / surfactants
64
- exert microbicidal effects by binding into functional groups of proteins and inactivating them
- microbicidal
heavy metal compounds
65
- bectericidal and antifungal agent
- binds to DNA of target organsism causing disruption, mutation, and inhibition of DNA replication
dyes
66
very low or high pH destroy or inhibit microbial cells
acids and alkali
67
organic mercury, silver nitrate
heavy metal compounds
68
gentian violet, crytal violet
dyes
69
organic acids
acids and alkali
70
treatment of disease with chemical agents
chemotherapy
71
any chemical used in the treatment, or prophylaxis of a disease
chemotherapeutic agents
72
use of drug to prevent imminent infection of a person at risk
prophylaxis
73
use of chemotherapeutic drugs to control infection
antimicrobial chemotherapy
74
chemical substance that destroys disease-causing microorganisms with minimal damage to host tissues
antimicrobial drugs
75
substances produced by micoorganisms through natural metabolic processes
antibiotics
76
chemically modified in the lab after being isolated from natural sources
semisynthetic drugs
77
use of chemical reactions to synthesize antimicrobial compounds in the lab
synthetic drugs
78
antimicrobials effective againsta a limited array of microbial types
narrow spectrum (limited)
79
antimicrobials effecive against a wide variety of microbial types
broad-spectrum (extended)
80
agents that work against bacterial pathogens
antibacterial agents
81
block cell wall synthesis by inhibition of peptidoglycan cross-linking
penicillin, ampicillin
82
block peptidoglycan synthesis
bacitracin, vancomycin
83
block nucelotide synthesis by inhibiting folic acids synthesis incolved in methylation
sulfonamides, trimethoprim
84
block DNA topoisomerase
fluoroquinolones
85
block mRNA synthesis
rifampin
86
damage DNA
metronidazole
87
block protein synthesis at 50S ribosomal subunit
chloramphenicol, clindamycin
88
block protein synthesis at 30S ribosomal unit
aminoglycosides, tetracyclines
89
agents that work against fungal pathogens
antifungal therapy
90
- selective toxicity is almost impossible to achieve
- several drugs have been developed that target specific points in the infectious cycle of these microbes
antiviral therapy
91
- interfere with DNA and RNA synthesis
- interfere with protozoal metabolism
antiprotozoal agents
92
broad spectrum; for roundworms, inhibit function of microtubules of worms, eggs, larvae which interferes with their glucose utilization and disable them
mebendazole and thiabendazole
93
paralyze intestinal roundworms
pyrantel and piperazine
94
for tapeworm and fluke infections
praziquantel
95
treatment for oncocercosis and other worm infections
ivermectin
