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Microbiology Exam 2 > Microbial Genetics Part 2 > Flashcards

Microbial Genetics Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 ways that bacteria get genetic variation ?

A

Mutations
Transduction
Transformation
Conjugation

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2
Q

What does genetic transfer mean?

A

Movement of genetic information between organisms

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3
Q

When does genetic transfer occur in eukaryotes?

A

During fertilization of an egg

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4
Q

When does genetic transfer occur in prokaryotes ? However when it does happened??

A

It doesn’t happened
It isn’t needed

  • dna is transferred from a donor to a recipient cell
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5
Q

What does genetic recombination mean?

A

Combining genes (DNA) from two different dna molecules

( donor cell and recipient cell pretty much )

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6
Q

What is the donor cell doing in genetic transfer ?

A

Giving up dna

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7
Q

What is the recipient cell doing in genetic transfer?

A

Receives the DNA

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8
Q

When new DNA combines with the host DNA ( already, personal dna ), what is it called?

A

Genetic recombination

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9
Q

What’s the 4 steps of genetic recombination?

A
  • DNA from one cells sees that they can pair
  • DNA donor joins together with DNA recipient
  • they join by recA protein catalyzes
  • recipient has its own dna and donor dna now
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10
Q

What are the 3 methods genetic transfer in bacteria?

A
  • transformation
  • transduction
  • conjugation
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11
Q

What’s the end result for all of the 3 methods of dna transfer ?

A

Gaining a new gene

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12
Q

What does transformation mean ?

A

Getting a new gene by naked dna ( free floating dna )

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13
Q

What does naked dna mean in transformation, genetic transfer ?

A

Free floating dna in the environment

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14
Q

What is Frederick Griffith known for and what year did he discover it?

A

Transformation, 1928

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15
Q

What was Frederick Griffith experiment on? And what disease ?

A

On rats
Using streptococcus pneumonia

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16
Q

What are the 3 steps to genetic transformation?

A
  • recipient cell takes donor dna
  • donor dna aligns with complementary bases
  • recombination occurs between donor dna and recipient dna
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17
Q

What is the end result and gain what for transformation ( genetic transfer )?

A

Gaining a new gene
Through the use of naked dna
( free floating dna in the environment )

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18
Q

What is conjugation ?

A

The direct cell to cell contact through a plasmid that makes a new gene

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19
Q

What is the F plasmid ( f factor )? And causes what to occur?

A

Fertility sex pilus, what causes conjugation to occur

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20
Q

What’s another name for f plasmid ?

A

Donor, male, F+ and F factor

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21
Q

What’s another name for F- cell?

A

Recipient, female, f-

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22
Q

What’s another name for sex pilus?

A

Conjugation pilus

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23
Q

What does the sex pilus allow?

A

The direct cell to cell contact

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24
Q

What is a plasmid?

A

Small extra chromosomal double stranded DNA

25
Q

What does HFr stand for?

A

High frequency recombination cell

26
Q

HFr doesn’t have ___ instead they contain the ___ of ___

A

HFr doesn’t have plasmids

Instead they contain the genes

Of

The plasmids

27
Q

HFr is the transfer of what?

A

Plasmid genes and chromosomal dna

28
Q

What are the 4 steps of normal conjugation?

A
  • F+ cell extend sex pilus to F- cell
  • the cells come together to transfer
    ( through fusion of cell membranes )
  • a single stranded copy of the F+ cell is transferred to the F- cell
  • both cells now have the gene F+
29
Q

When normal conjugation is done, can the new F+ give to another cell, even after being a F- and now F+?

A

Yes, cause it was F- turned into F+

30
Q

What happened when the F factor integrates in the host chromosome dna ?

A

It makes HFr

31
Q

What is the 4 steps of HFr transfer in conjugation ?

A
  • f factor is integrated into host DNA
  • converts f factor into HFr
  • HFr crosses over to F-Cell
    However we only get a portion of gene plasmids mix in with chromosomes
  • F- cell Stays F-, even after HFr
    Because it didn’t fully get plasmid
    Only contains portion of the genes of plasmids
32
Q

In normal F plasmid conjugation, is F+ found in the cytoplasm or chromosome ?

A

Cytoplasm

33
Q

In HFr conjugation, is it found in cytoplasm or in Chromosome ? And why?

A

Chromosome

Because it’s integrated

34
Q

Can HFr still perform conjugation?

A

Yes

35
Q

What’s the big difference in F plasmid and HFr ?

A

F plasmid
- only transfer plasmids

HFr
- gene plasmid and chromosome

36
Q

Does HFr have a plasmid?

A

No

37
Q

What does HFr contain?

A

Gene plasmid and chromosome

38
Q

What is transduction ?

A

Transfer of genetic material by virus

39
Q

What does bacteriophage mean?

A

A virus that infects a bacteria

40
Q

What are bacteriophages?

A

Obligate intracellular parasites

41
Q

What does transduction undergo? ( 2 types of methods ) ( not 2 types of transduction )

A

Lytic bacteriophage
Temperate of lysogenic phage

42
Q

What are the steps of lyric bacteriophage? (4)

A
  • virus injects dna in bacteria
  • dna synthesis occurs, producing virus babies ( progeny )
  • cell lysis, and release progeny
  • repeats
43
Q

What does progeny mean?

A

The offspring of a virus that is released

44
Q

Can lytic cycle enter the temperate lysogenic phage cycle?

A

No

45
Q

Can lysogenic ( temperate ) cycle enter the lytic cycle?

A

Yes

46
Q

What is the steps of temperate of lysogenic phage cycle? (4)

A
  • bacteriophage inserts into the bacteria chromosome
    ( this is called prophage )
  • Binary fission occurs
  • every time it divides it has that prophage
  • Eventually it’ll be ready to make virus babies, so it’ll cut itself out and move into the lytic cycle
47
Q

What is a prophage?

A

Bacteriophage that inserts into a bacteria’s chromosome

48
Q

What are the 2 types of transduction ?

A

Generalized transduction
Specialized transduction

49
Q

What are the steps to generalized transduction? (5)

A
  • injects DNA virus into DONOR cell
  • makes copies ; breaking down the dna chromosome
  • these piece are either virus or DNA Chromosome & PICKS UP RANDOM PIECE ( the chromosome )
  • bacteria dna infects a new host with the new dna
  • recombination occurs
    ( dna from donor & recipient dna together )

Gains new gene

50
Q

Is generzalized transduction random selecting?

A

Yes

51
Q

What are the steps for specialized transduction? (6)

A
  • prophage integrates with bacterial DNA
  • prophage take out specific Chromosome
  • prophage matures & cell lyses
  • bacteriophage infects another bacteria, instead now it has virus & piece of chromosomes
  • integrates into bacteria DNA
  • recipient now has virus, gene, and its own dna integrated into the Chromosome
52
Q

Is specialized transduction specific chromosome selection?

A

Yes

53
Q

Big difference in generalized transduction and specialized transduction?

A

Generalized
- random choosing of dna or virus

Specialized
- prophage, virus goes into chromosome
- specific choosing of Chromosome

54
Q

What is an r factor?

A

Codes for resistance to antibiotics, very important medically

55
Q

What are the 2 groups of genes in r Factor?

A

RTF

r determinant

56
Q

What does RTF mean?

A

Resistance transfer factor

57
Q

What does r Determinant mean?

A

Genes for detoxifying enzymes
Usually carried on transposons

58
Q

What is a transposable gene?

A

Small segments of dna which can move from one region of dna to another region

Microbiology Exam 2 (10 decks)

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