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BIOL 2330 - microbiology > microbial metabolism > Flashcards

microbial metabolism Flashcards

(80 cards)

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1
Q

what three things do all organisms require

A

a source of carbon, electrons, and energy

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2
Q

what are the two types of carbon sources

A

organic molecules + CO2

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3
Q

what are the two types of energy sources

A

light + organic chemicals

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4
Q

what are the two types of electron sources

A

inorganic + organic donors

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5
Q

what two processes do chemoorganotrophs use to get energy from glucose

A

cellular respiration + fermentation

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6
Q

how do chemoorganotrophs obtain energy and electrons

A

through the oxidation of organic compounds

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7
Q

is oxidation exergonic or endergonic

A

exergonic (energy released)

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8
Q

what happens to the energy released from oxidation

A

it becomes trapped by ATP, then ATP carries the stored energy to sites where it’s needed

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9
Q

what does the cell require energy for

A

biosynthesis of materials, cell movement, material movement

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10
Q

what are the three major steps of aerobic respiration

A

glycolysis, CAC, ETC

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11
Q

what are the end products of glycolysis

A

2 pyruvate, 2ATP. 2NADH for every glucose

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12
Q

what organisms do glycolysis

A

all major groups of microbes, plants, and animals

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13
Q

what are the products of the CAC

A

for each acetyl-CoA, we get 2 CO2, 3NADH, 1 FADH2, 1 ATP/GTP

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14
Q

where do the electron carriers go after the CAC

A

to the ETC

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15
Q

how many ATP are produced by the ETC

A

32

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16
Q

which step of aerobic respiration produces the most ATP

A

ETC

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17
Q

where does glycolysis occur in eukaryotes

A

cytoplasm

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18
Q

where does CAC occur in eukaryotes

A

mitochondria matrix

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19
Q

where is the ETC in eukaryotes

A

inner mitochondrial membrane

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20
Q

T or F: aerobic respiration occurs in some prokaryotes

A

true

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21
Q

which prokaryotes utilize aerobic resp.

A

bacteria and archaea

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22
Q

where does glycolysis occur in prokaryotes

A

cytoplasm

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23
Q

where does CAC occur in prokaryotes

A

cytoplasm

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24
Q

where does ETC occur in prokaryotes

A

plasma membrane

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25
what are the 3 different glycolysis pathways in prokaryotes
embden-meyerhof pathway entner-doudoroff pathway pentose-phosphate pathway
26
which organisms use the embden-meyerhof pathway
all major groups of microbes, plants, and animals
27
describe the oxygen conditions of the EMP
can function with or without O2
28
what does the EMP provide for the cell
precursor metabolites, NADH, and ATP
29
describe the two general phases of the EMP
6C phase: two ATP used, produces fructose1,6-BP 3C phase: pyruvate + other products are made
30
what is the yield of the EMP
2 ATP, 2 NADH, 2H+, 2 pyruvate
31
what organisms use the entner-doudoroff pathway
some gram-negative bacteria (especially those found in soil) + very few gram positive bacteria
32
T or F: eukaryotes can use the EDP
false
33
describe how the EDP differs from the EMP
at the end of the 6C phase we get one pyruvate and one G3p, and then that G3P will undergo the rest of the steps as we saw in EMP
34
what is the yield of the EDP
for one molecule of glucose: 1 ATP, 1 NADH, 1 NADPH, 2 pyruvate
35
which glycolysis pathway, EMP or EDP, makes more ATP
EMP, as it makes 2 ATP while EDP makes 1
36
which organisms use the pentose phosphate pathway
all types of organisms: eukaryotes and bacteria, but not archaea
37
describe the oxygen conditions required for the PPP
can function with or without O2
38
T or F: the PPP can operate at the same time as EMP and EDP
true
39
why is the PPP an important pathway
it produces NADPH which can be used in anabolic reactions
40
describe the general steps of the PPP
G6P (intermediate of EMP) is oxidized and NADPH is produced. 6-phosphogluconate is oxidized and decarboxylated = CO2 and more NADPH. Then sugar transformation reactions occur, producing G6P again and some pyruvate
41
what is the yield of the PPP
6 CO2, 12 NADPH, 12 H+, and P
42
how many protein complexes are in the ETC of eukaryotes
4
43
how many protein complexes are in the ETC of prokaryotes
3
44
other then NADH, where can bacteria get electrons (for the ETC step of cell resp.)
methanol
45
T or F: the ETC in prokaryotes is always linear
false; it can be branched (ie in E coli)
46
for branched ETC pathways in prokaryotes, what does the direction of flow depend upon
the amount of oxygen present
47
T or F: the ETC in prokaryotes may be shorter than the ETC in eukaryotes
true
48
which ETC produces more ATP: prokaryotic or eukaryotic
prokaryotic ETC produces less ATP
49
what is the terminal electron acceptor for aerobic resp.
oxygen
50
what is the terminal electron acceptor for anaerobic resp.
an exogenous TEA (nitrate, nitrite, sulfate, CO2, Fe3+)
51
define obligate anaerobes
bacteria that carry out anaerobic resp. only
52
give an example of obligate anaerobes
methanogens: they use CO2 as their TEA, they're archaeons, and methane is produced
53
T or F: anaerobic resp. yields less ATP than aerobic resp.
true
54
T or F: some bacteria can carry out both aerobic and anaerobic resp.
true; depends on oxygen availability
55
what is fermentation
a process which glucose (or other substrate) is partially oxidized in the absence of oxygen
56
in fermentation, do all the steps of cell resp. still occur?
glycolysis is still performed, but no CAC or ETC
57
which step(s) of cell resp still occur in fermentation
only glycolysis
58
what is the terminal electron acceptor in fermentation
an organic molecule (usually pyruvate or a derivative of pyruvate)
59
what are two types of fermentation
lactic acid fermentation, alcoholic fermentation
60
describe lactic acid fermentation
NADH from glycolysis gives electrons to pyruvate, pyruvate is reduced into lactate
61
describe alcoholic fermentation
CO2 leaves pyruvate = acetaldehyde, NADH donates electrons = ethanol
62
T or F: some bacteria can utilize multiple fermentation pathways
true
63
what are the energy and electron sources of chemolithotrophs
they oxidize inorganic compounds
64
what do chemolithotrophs do with the electrons that they obtain from oxidation of inorganic compounds
they donate the electrons to the ETC
65
define nitrifying bacteria
a group of bacteria that use inorganic chemicals as an energy source
66
what is the most abundant photosynthetic organism on earth
cyanobacteria
67
where are photosystems and pigments located within a cell
on internal membranes
68
list the three types of phototrophy
oxygenic photosynthesis anoxygenic photosynthesis rhodopsin-based phototrophy
69
describe oxygenic photosynthesis
light energy is trapped with chlorophyll and accessory pigments to make ATP and NADPH, which then are used to fix CO2
70
what type of energy is used in oxygenic photosynthesis
light energy
71
what is made in oxygenic photosynthesis
ATP and NADPH are used to fix CO2
72
what types of bacteria use anoxygenic photosynthesis
almost all are strict anaerobes
73
T or F: anoxygenic photosynthesis uses chlorophylls
false; uses bacteriochlorophylls
74
what does anoxygenic photosynthesis use instead of chlorophylls
bacteriochlorophylls
75
where are pigments located in anoxygenic photosynthesis
in chlorosomes (which are found in an invagination of the PM)
76
what is the function of chlorosomes
pigments for anoxygenic photosynthesis are located in chlorosomes
77
T or F: rhodopsin-based phototrophy has no chlorophyll/bacteriochlorophyll involved
true
78
what does rhodopsin-based phototrophy use instead of chlorophyll
microbial rhodopsin (a protein)
79
describe rhodopsin-based phototrophy
acts as a light-driven protein pump that can produce a pH gradient to be used to make ATP
80
is there an ETC involved in rhodopsin-based phototrophy
no

BIOL 2330 - microbiology (30 decks)

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