external appendages

Question 1

what are the two major groups of appendages

Answer 1

ones for motility and ones for attachment

Question 2

what are two appendages for motility

Answer 2

flagella and axial filaments

Question 3

what do flagella do

Answer 3

they propel bacteria + are involved in locomotion

Question 4

name the 4 types of flagella arrnagements

Answer 4

monotrichous, amphitrichous, lophotrichous, peritrichous

Question 5

define monotrichous

Answer 5

a bacteria has a single, polar, flagellum

Question 6

define amphitrichous

Answer 6

one flagella at each pole

Question 7

define lophotrichous

Answer 7

occurs when there is a cluster of flagella at one or both ends

Question 8

define peritrichous

Answer 8

flagella are distributed over the entire bacterium

Question 9

which flagella arrangement do E coli have

Answer 9

peritrichous

Question 10

T or F: all bacteria have flagella

Answer 10

false; not all of them do

Question 11

T or F: all spirilla have flagella

Answer 11

true

Question 12

what percentage of bacilli have flagella

Answer 12

half

Question 13

what amount of cocci have flagella

Answer 13

only a small amount

Question 14

list the 3 basic parts of the flagella

Answer 14

filament, hook, basal body

Question 15

what is the filament of a flagella + what is it’s structure

Answer 15

a hollow rigid shaft that extends into the environement

Question 16

what is the filament of the flagella made of

Answer 16

the protein flagellin

Question 17

what does the filament of a flagella attach to

Answer 17

the hook

Question 18

what is the hook of a flagella in terms of structure

Answer 18

a short, curved, thicker segment

Question 19

what does the hook of a flagella do

Answer 19

acts as a universal joint + allows the filament to point in different directions

Question 20

what is the hook of a flagella attached to

Answer 20

the basal body

Question 21

what does the basal body of a flagella do

Answer 21

anchors the hook and filament to the cell wall by means of a rod and either a series of 2 or 4 rings, depending on the cell wall structure

Question 22

how many basal body rings of a flagella are there in gram neg bacteria

Answer 22

4

Question 23

how many basal body rings of a flagella are there in gram pos bacteria

Answer 23

2

Question 24

which part of the flagella extends into the environment

Answer 24

the filament

Question 25

which part of a flagella acts as a joint

Answer 25

the hook

Question 26

which part of a flagella acts as an anchorage point for the other parts

Answer 26

the basal body

Question 27

which part of the flagella has a series of either 2 or 4 rings

Answer 27

the basal body

Question 28

T or F: gram neg bacteria have 2 rings in the basal body of a flagella

Answer 28

false; they have 4 and gram pos have 2

Question 29

what part of the flagella rotates to make the cell move

Answer 29

the basal body

Question 30

how does the flagella move through the environment to move the cell

Answer 30

it pushes against the surrounding liquid to mediate its propulsion

Question 31

where does the power to move the flagella come from

Answer 31

the proton motive force (PMF)

Question 32

describe the how the PMF generates energy to move the flagella

Answer 32

bacterial ETC pumps H into periplasmic space, and those will go through the Mot protein, and that generates the energy to rotate the flagella

Question 33

where does the bacterial ETC pump protons

Answer 33

the periplasmic space

Question 34

what protein do protons go through to generate energy to rotate the flagella

Answer 34

the Mot protein

Question 35

what types of movement are there for bacteria

Answer 35

runs and tumbles

Question 36

which type of bacteria do runs and tumbles

Answer 36

ones that have mono and peritrichous flagella

Question 37

describe a run

Answer 37

flagellum rotates counterclockwise

Question 38

describe a tumble

Answer 38

flagellum rotates clockwise

Question 39

when does a run occur

Answer 39

when the flagella rotate, the bacteria swims, and this is a run

Question 40

when does a tumble occur

Answer 40

when flagella switch rotation, a tumble occurs

Question 41

when will bacteria move aimlessly

Answer 41

when there is no attractant or repellent in the environment

Question 42

describe positive chemotaxis

Answer 42

bacteria move towards something favorable

Question 43

describe bacterial movement during positive chemotaxis

Answer 43

less tumbles and more runs occur

Question 44

describe negative chemotaxis

Answer 44

bacteria move away from something undesirable

Question 45

what is swarming

Answer 45

another type of motility -- they move as a crowd

Question 46

in which type of bacteria does swarming occur

Answer 46

in those with peritrichous flagella

Question 47

describe swarming

Answer 47

bacteria move in unison across a moist surface

Question 48

what do we see on an agar plate that has bacteria that use swarming

Answer 48

swarming gives distinct colony morphologies

Question 49

what is an axial filament

Answer 49

a filament that wraps around the cell + makes it move

Question 50

which type of bacteria use axial filaments for motility

Answer 50

spirochetes

Question 51

what type of movement do axial filaments produce

Answer 51

corkscrew type movement

Question 52

where are axial filaments located

Answer 52

periplasmic space

Question 53

describe the orientation of axial filaments on the bacteria

Answer 53

they're anchored at each end and wrap around the bacterium

Question 54

what is another name for axial filaments

Answer 54

endoflagella

Question 55

T or F: some bacteria are motile without flagella or axial filaments

Answer 55

true

Question 56

in bacteria that move w/o flagella or axial filaments, what type of movement do they possess

Answer 56

twitching and gliding

Question 57

describe twitching as a bacterial movement

Answer 57

short, jerky movements across a moist surface

Question 58

describe gliding as a bacterial movement

Answer 58

smooth movement

Question 59

in bacteria that move w/o flagella or axial filaments, what do they require to move/what mediates their movement

Answer 59

type IV pili and/or production of slime

Question 60

what two appendages are used for attachment

Answer 60

fimbriae and pili

Question 61

describe the basic structure of fimbriae and pili as compared to flagella

Answer 61

they're shorter, straighter, and thinner than flagella

Question 62

how many fimbriae/pili can there be on a cell

Answer 62

a few to a thousand

Question 63

T or F: fimbriae and pili are found in both gram pos and gram neg bacteria

Answer 63

true

Question 64

major function of fimbriae/pili?

Answer 64

attach bacterium to a solid surface, some are involved in twitching and gliding (ie type IV pili)

Question 65

what do conjugation pili/sex pili do

Answer 65

involved in the process of bacterial mating called conjugation

Question 66

describe conjugation in bacteria

Answer 66

the sex/conjugation pilus joins two cells together that are to undergo conjugation

Question 67

describe the structure of a sex/conjugation pilus

Answer 67

larger and longer than fimbriae/pili

Question 68

how many sex pili per cell

Answer 68

many bacteria can have up to 10

Question 69

T or F: both gram neg and gram pos bacteria can have sex pili

Answer 69

false; found only in gram neg