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Micro Lecture > Microbial Metabolism > Flashcards

Microbial Metabolism Flashcards

(74 cards)

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1
Q

What is metabolism?

A

All chemical reactions in organisms

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2
Q

What does catabolism do?

A

Produces ATP by breaking bonds (carbs, lipids, proteins, DNA, RNA)

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3
Q

What does anabolism do?

A

Uses ATP- monosaccharides, nucleotides, sugars, fatty acids, amino acids, atoms, ions

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4
Q

What happens when molecules are moving continuously?

A

A collision happens

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5
Q

What does the energy in collisions do?

A

Can disrupt electrons which break and form bonds

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6
Q

What is activation energy?

A

Energy needed to disrupt electrons

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7
Q

What is a reaction rate?

A

How often collisions occur

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8
Q

How can reaction rates be increased?

A

Increasing temperature or pressure

Enzymes

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9
Q

What does it mean when enzymes catalyze?

A

They speed up chemical reactions by lowering activation energy

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10
Q

What is a principle of enzymes related to chemical reactions?

A

They are not altered during them

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11
Q

What is an apoenzyme?

A

Protein part

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12
Q

What is a cofactor?

A

Non protein parts

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13
Q

What is a non protein part?

A

1 part Organic (coenzymes), carbon based—— NAD

1 part inorganic (ions), calcium, zinc, NO CARBON

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14
Q

What is a holoenzyme?

A

Fully functional unit

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15
Q

What is an induced fit?

A

The substrate is oriented in optimal position

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16
Q

What does an induced fit lead to?

A

Lower requirement of energy to initiate a chemical reaction

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17
Q

What are the enzyme mechanisms of reaction?

A

Specific substrate contacts enzyme active site

Induced fit

Substrate transforms

Products are released

Enzyme is UNCHANGED

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18
Q

What is vMax?

A

Maximum velocity

Enzymes are saturated (all active sites occupied)

Will not increase until more enzymes are added

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19
Q

What raises reaction rate up to a point?

A

Substrate concentration

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20
Q

What does temperature do to enzyme activity?

A

It denatures the protein

Bonds are broken and the protein is no longer functional

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21
Q

What happens to proteins at low temperatures?

A

It doesn’t denature, just freezes

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22
Q

What pH is optimal for most enzymes?

A

7

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23
Q

What happens when an enzyme pH is too high or too low?

A

It denatures

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24
Q

What are competitive inhibitors?

A

They compete for active sites

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25
What do non-competitive inhibitors do?
They DO NOT bind to the active site They bind to an allosteric site which changes the active site shape Enzyme can no longer act on the substrate
26
What is feedback inhibition?
Non-competitive inhibitory pathway Occurs in metabolism
27
How does feedback inhibition end?
End product binds to allosteric site in first enzyme so that the first enzyme can’t bind more substrates
28
What does the movement of electrons do?
Release energy!
29
What is a redox reaction?
Transfer of electrons via 1 or many from one reactant to another
30
What is oxidation?
Loss of electrons (LEO- loss electrons oxidation)
31
What is reduction?
Gain of electrons (GER- gain electrons reduction)
32
What is another name for a redox reaction?
Dehydrogenation- proton (H+) goes with electron= loss of H atom
33
How can you tell if a redox reaction has occurred?
Follow the H’s
34
What do molecules with lots of H’s have?
Lots of potential energy
35
What is phosphorylation?
Addition of a phosphate to a molecule (ADP to ATP)
36
What is substrate level phosphorylation?
The phosphate of a substrate is given to ADP via a catabolic reaction done by the enzyme
37
What is photophosphorylation?
Electrons come from the chlorophyll becoming excited by light Received by the electron transport chain and energy is released Proton pumps use released energy to create a proton gradient Proton gradient turns ATP synthase and synthase makes ATP
38
What is oxidative phosphorylation?
Electrons are received from reduced carriers (organic molecules that contain H+ that are stripped from them by redox reactions- in metabolism) Proton gradient and ATP synthase cycle occurs
39
Where does photophosphorylation occur in eukaryotes and prokaryotes?
Euks- chloroplasts Proks- plasma membrane
40
Where does oxidative phosphorylation occur in eukaryotes and prokaryotes?
Euks- mitochondria Proks- plasma membrane
41
What is an organic cofactor called?
Coenzyme
42
What is an inorganic cofactor called?
Ion
43
What are the 2 types of glucose catabolism?
cellular respiration and fermentation
44
What is cellular respiration?
complete breakdown to CO2 and H2O
45
What is the final electron acceptor for aerobic respiration?
oxygen
46
How is anaerobic respiration different from aerobic respiration?
final electron acceptor not O2 produces less energy
47
What are the stages of cellular respiration?
Glycolysis, synthesis of Acetyl-CoA, Krebs cycle, electron transport cycle
48
Where does glycolysis occur in euks and proks?
euks- cytoplasm proks- cyotplasm
49
Where does synthesis of Acetyl-CoA occur in euks and proks?
euks- mitochondrial matrix proks- cytoplasm
50
Where does Krebs cycle occur in euks and proks?
euks- mitochondrial matrix proks- cytoplasm
51
Where does the electron transport chain occur in euks and proks?
euks- mitochondrial inner membrane proks- plasma membrane
52
What is fermentation?
partial breakdown of glucose to organic waste product- produces lactic acid and alcohol
53
What happens during glycolysis?
-energy is released during this process by stripping glucose of all of the hydrogen molecules to make ATP
54
What are the products of glycolosis?
2 NADH, 2 ATP, 2 pyruvic acid
55
What does glycolysis mean?
splitting glucose involves redox
56
What are the steps of glycolysis?
1 glucose oxidized to 2 pyruvic acid 2 NAD+ reduced to NADH (electron carrier) 2 ADP to ATP (substrate-level phosphorylation)
57
What happens during Acetyl-CoA formation?
Redox reaction Pyruvic acid is oxidized to Acetyl-CoA NAD+ is reduced to NADH CO2 removed (decarboxylation)
58
What are the products of Acetyl-CoA formation?
2 NADH, 2 CO2, 2 Acetyl-CoA
59
What happens during the Krebs cycle?
redox reaction intermediates are oxidized NAD+ and FAD are reduced to NADH and FADH CO2 removed (decarboxylation) Substrate level phosphorylation (ADP to ATP)
60
What are the products of the Krebs cycle?
6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP, & 4 CO2
61
What happens during the electron transport chain?
ETC receives electrons from electron carriers that are carrying electrons from glucose (NADH, FADH2) NADH and FADH2 are oxidized and electrons go down the ETC The final electron acceptor is oxygen, and oxygen becomes water
62
What is chemiosmosis?
Hydrogen diffusing through the ATP synthase
63
How does ATP synthase make ATP?
oxidative phosphorylation
64
How much ATP does cellular respiration produce in prokaryotes?
38 ATP 2 ATP from glycolysis 2 ATP from the Kreb's cycle 34 ATP ETC
65
How much ATP does cellular respiration produce in eukaryotes?
36 ATP 2 ATP from glycolysis 2 ATP from the Kreb's cycle 32 ATP ETC
66
Why do eukaryotes produce less ATP than prokaryotes?
NADH produced from glycolysis need ATP to move across the mitochondrial membrane for the ETC chain, 2 ATP are needed for that
67
What does fermentation do with NAD+?
recycles NAD which is a vital element for glycolysis
68
What happens during fermentation?
Involves redox 2 NADH are oxidized (H electrons are given to pyruvic acid) 2 pyruvic acids are reduced to organic waste products (lactic acid and ethanol)
69
What are the 2 major types of glucose fermentation?
lactic acid and alcohol
70
What happens during lactic acid fermentation? What is an example of lactic acid fermentation?
Pyruvic acid is reduced to lactic acid Bacteria--- milk---- cheese and yogurt
71
What happens during alcohol fermentation?
Acetaldehyde is reduced to ethanol
72
What is an example of alcohol fermentation?
yeast---- grape juice---- wine
73
What are the steps to lactic acid fermentation?
1 glucose 2 NAD are reduced to NADH 2 ADP to 2 ATP (substrate-level phosphorylation) 2 NADH oxidized to 2 NAD 2 pyruvic acid reduced to lactic acid
74
What are the steps to alcohol fermentation?
-2 NAD to 2 NADH (reduction) -2 ADP to 2 ATP (substrate-level phosphorylation) -2 pyruvic acid (first product) -2 released CO2 produces 2 Acetaldehyde Reduced to ethanol by 2 NADH to 2 NAD (NADH is oxidized)

Micro Lecture (7 decks)

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