MICROBIO Flashcards by Dead Braincells

Congenital Parasites infected human

A. Entamoeba histolytica
B. Giardia Lamblia
C. Trypanosoma sp.
D. Plasmodium Malaria
E. Toxoplasma Gondii

Toxoplasma Gondii

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A trophozoite of Entamoeba histolytica usually contains

A. Eccentrically located endosome in the nucleus
B. A coarse, granular, blunt pseudopod
C. Bacteria and coarse granules in the cytoplasm
D. Red blood cells in the cytoplasm

Red blood cells in the cytoplasm

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Gram Positive stained more easy than gram Negative because

A. Gram - cell wall is thin while gram + is thick
B. Gram + cell wall is thin while gram - is thick
C. Gram - cell wall contain more peptidoglycan
D. All

A. Gram - cell wall is thin while gram + is thick

gram + bacteria have a thick mesh-like cell wall made of peptidoglycan (50-90% of cell envelope). and as a result are stained purple by crystal violet. whereas gram - bacteria have a thinner layer (10% of cell envelope). so do not retain the purple stain and are counter-stained pink by safranin.

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MacConkey Agar

is used for the isolation of gram-negative enteric bacteria and the differentiation of lactose fermenting from lactose non-fermenting gram-negative bacteria.

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Wuchereria Bancrofti diagnose:

A. Microscopic examination of blood smears
B. Microscopic examination of concentrated urine
C. Microscopic examination of stool smear
D. Microscopic examination of blood or urine smears

Microscopic examination of blood or urine smears

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Biochemical test is rapidly and simply performed to detect strepto-pyogenes and enterococcus

A. PYR
B. Coagulase
C. Citrate
D. Bile solubility
E. Indole

PYR

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The cause of sleeping sickness:

A. Trypanosoma gambiense
B. Trypanosoma cruzi
C. Trypanosoma rhodesiense
D. a & c

a & c

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Bacteriological culture media are generally sterilized by:

A. The autoclave
B. The oven
C. Filtration
D. Bunsen burner

The autoclave

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Eating poorly cooked pork can lead to an infection with:

A. Taenia solium and Trichinella spiralis
B. Taenia saginata and Hymenolepis nana
C. Trichuris trichiura and Hymenolepis diminuta
D. Diphyllonothrium latum and Ascaris lumbricoides

Taenia solium and Trichinella spiralis

both Taenia solium (pork tapeworm) and Trichinella spiralis can be acquired from the ingestion of raw or poorly cooked pork.

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When to collect blood for malaria blood should be collected?

A. As soon as malaria is suspected
B. Before the patient receive anti-malarial drug
C. A&B
D. After symptoms appear
E. After rising in temperature

A & B

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Plasmodium will transfer by:

A. Mosquito
B. Fly
C. Mite
D. All of the above

Mosquito

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The infective stage of the hookworm is the

A. Filariform
larva with a pointed tail
B. Rhabditiform larva with a long buccal cavity
C. Rhabditiform larva with a short buccal cavity
D. Filariform larva with a notched tail

Filariform
larva with a pointed tail

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Most belong to the families Enterobacteriaceae or Pseudomonidaceae

A. Spore forming bacteria
B. Non-spore forming bacteria

Non-spore forming bacteria

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Which of the following produce by Staph. aureus & not produced by other Staph?

A. DNA produce
B. Coagulase
C. Catalase
D. Urease

Coagulase

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Anti-Lea can react with:

A. Le (a+b+) cells
B. Le (a-b-) cells
C. Le (a+b-) cells
D. Le (a-b+) cells

Le (a+b+) cells
Le (a+b-) cells

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A metazoan, Loss of parasitic cytoplasmic microtubules causing impaired glucose uptake

Albendazole

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Inhibitor of arachidonic acid for microfilariae

Diethylcarbamazine

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Increase calcium entry to worms causing contraction

Praziquantel

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Reduced forms serve as parasitic nuclei acid inhibitor

Metronidazole

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Generation of highly active radical (heme, free radicals)

Artemeter

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Infective stage of taenia spp.

Cysticercosis
Inhalation (embryonated egg)

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Hammer shaped hooks

Railletina spp. Scolex

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Humans can be any of the following in regards to taenia solium infection

A. Definitive
B. Intermediate
C. Both
D. Neither

Both

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How many Larval stages of clonorchis that can be seen in snail

Miracidia
Sporocyst
Redia
Cercaria

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Smallest entameba No chromatoidal bodies and no peripheral chromatin

Endolimax Nana

Basket shape nucleus

Iodameoba butschlii

Resemble Trojan horse 🐴 Harbors other pathogen

Acanthamoeba

Cyst has a double walled refractile Can be seen in formed and watery stools

Neobalantidium coli

Most common method for treating infection waste. Safest method to ensure ni infective materials remain.

Incineration

Resistant to QUATS: Benzalkonium chloride

P. Aeruginosa

For disinfecting lab sink

Sodium hypochlorite

Contact time of Betadine (alcohol & iodine)

1-2 mins.

Filtration size of most bacteria, yeasts, and molds but not pseudomonas like organism.

0.45-0.80

Filtration size for parenteral solutions, pore size most widely used for sterilization.

0.22 / 0.2

HEPA filter remove organism

>0.3 um

Biological indicator for moist heat

B. Stearothermophilus

Biological indicator for Dry heat

B. Subtilis var Niger

Biological indicator for Ethylene oxide

B. Subtilis

70% recirculated to the cabinet work area through HEPA; 30% balance can be exhausted through HEPA back into the room or to outside through a canopy unit

II, AI

30% recirculated. 70% exhausted.

II, B1

No recirculation. Total exhaust to the outside through a HEPA filter.

I, B2

Bas 100 of intake air velocity and plenums ate under negative pressure to Room; exhaust air can be ducted to the outside through a canopy unit. Filter toxic Chem and radionucleotides

A2/B3

Transport medium for stool

Buffered glycerol saline Cary Blair

Stool to preservative ratio

1:3

Anaerobe must be transported with anaerobic transport system

PRAS Prereduced anaerobically sterilized transport medium

Distinguish gram (+) from gram (+)

Decolorizer

Stains bacteria whose cell wall contain long chain fatty (mycolic) acids

Acid Fast Stain

Fluorescent stain for mycolic acid Has potassium permanganate as counterstain Result: yellow against dark background

Auramine Rhodamine stain

Binds specifically to cellulose and chitin, detects yeast and hyphae

Calcofluor white

Used to stain the cell walls of medically important fungi grown in slide culture

Lactophenol cotton blue

Stain for Rickettsia

Gimenez Macchiavelo

Stain for Spirochetes

Levaditi Silver impregmentation Fontana tribondeau

Stain for C.trachomatus inclusion bodies

Papanicolaou Iodine

Stain for Mycoplasma

Methylene & Dienes

To optimize visualization The extent to which Detail in the magnified objrct is maintained

Resolution

Designed to provide maximum illumination and Resolution when observing images

Kholer illumination

Contain specific nutrients required to enhance the growth of particular bacterial pathogens from a mixture of organisms

Enrichment

Contains nutrient that support growth of most nonfastiduous organism without giving any particular organism a growth advantage

Nutritive Support media

Contain one or more agents that are inhibitory to all organism except those selected by the specific growth condition or chemical

Selective

Allows colonies of one bacterial species or type to exhibit certain metabolic or culture characteristics that can be used to distinguish it from other bacteria growing on the same plate

Differential

Differential isolation and presumptive identification of group D streptococci and enterococci

Bile esculin agar (BEA)

Cultivation of nonfastiduous microorganisms, determination of hemolytic reactions W/ Trypticase soy agar, Brucella agar, or beef heart infusion w/ 5% sheep blood

Blood agar

Enrichment for Legionella spp. Supports the growth of Francis Ella and Nocardia spp.

Buffered Charcoal Yeast Extract Agar (BCYE)

Enrichment and selection for Legionella spp. Supplemented with polymyxin B, Vancomycin, and ansamycin to inhibit gram negative bacteria

Buffered Charcoal Yeast Extract Agar with antibiotic

Selective for Yersinia spp. May be useful for isolation of Aeromonas spp. Neutral red and crystal violate indicator

Cefsulodin Irgasan Novobiocin (CIN) "CIN YA'

Cultivation of fastidious microorganism such as Haemophilus spp. Brucella spp. and pathogenic Neisseria spp. Peptone base, enriched with solution of 2% hemoglobin or IsoVitaleX (BBL)

Chocolate agar

Selective isolation of gram positive cocci

Columbia cilistin nalidixic acid (CNA)

Isolation and differentiation of Lactose fermenting and non lactose fermenting enteric bacilli Eosin Y and Methylene blue as indicator

Eosin Methylene blue agar (EMB)

Differential, selective medium for the isolation and differentiation of Salmonella and Shigella spp. From other gram negative enteric bacilli Bromthymol blue and acid fuschin indicator

Hektoen Enteric Agar (HE)

Isolation and growth of corynebacterium

Loeffler's medium

Isolation and differentiation of Lactose fermenting and non lactose fermenting enteric bacilli Gram (+) organisms inhibited by crystal violet and bile salts; neutral red as indicator

MacConkey agar

For the selection and differentiation of E. Coli O157:H7 in stool specimens

MacConkey sorbitol agar

Selective differentiation of staphylococci. Peptone base, mannitol, and phenol red indicator; salt concentration of 7.5% inhibits most bacteria

Mannitol salt agar

Selective for Neisseria gonorrhoeae; also supports the growth of Ureaplasma urealyticum and some Mycoplasma spp.

New York City agar (NYC)

Selective isolation of aerobic gram (+) cocci and bacilli, and anaerobic gram (+) cocci, and negative bacilli Phenylmethanol inhibits growth of gram (-) organism

Phenylethyl alcohol agar (PEA)

Enrichment and selective medium for isolation of Bordetella pertussis

Regan Lowe

Selective for Campylobacter and Helicobacter spp.

Schaedler agar

Selective for Streptococcus pyogenes and Streptococcus agalactiae

Streptococcal Selective Agar (SSA)

Selective for Salmonella and Shigella spp. Except S. Typhi

Tetrathionate broth

Selective for N. Gonorrhoeae and N.meningitidis. Supports the growth of Francisella and Brucella spp.

Thayer Martin Agar

Selective and differential for Vibrio spp. Bromthymol blue acts as indicator

Thiosulfate citrate bike salts (TCBS)

Selection and enrichment for Streptococcus agalactiae in female genital specimens

Todd Hewitt broth Supplemented with antibiotics (LIM)

Incubation or Growth temp of bacterial culture

35-37*C

Gram (+) susceptibility to antimicrobial agent

Vancomycin

Gram (-) susceptibility to antimicrobial agent

Colistin or polymyxin

Inhibit protein synthesis by binding 30S ribosomal subunit

Aminoglycosides Glycylglycine Tetracycline

Inhibit cell wall synthesis by binding enzymes involved in peptidoglycan production (i.e., penicillin binding protein) This drug class comprises the largest group of antibacterial agents, bactericidal action and lack of toxicity to humans and their molecular structures can be manipulated

B-lactams

Inhibit protein synthesis by binding 50S ribosomal subunit

Chloramphenicol Ketolides

Inhibit DNA synthesis by binding DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV

Fluoroquinolones

Binding and disruption of cell membrane Gram (+) including those resistant to b-lactams and glycopeptides

Lipopeptides

Bind to 50S ribosomal subunit to interfere with initiation of protein synthesis

Oxazolidinones

Disruption of cell membrane

Polymyxin

Inhibits RNA synthesis by binding DNA dependent, RNA polymerase

Rifampin

Inhibit protein synthesis by binding to two separate site on the 50S ribosomal subunit

Streptogramins

Interfere with folic acid pathway by binding the enzyme dihydropteroate synthase

Sulfonamides

Depth of agar in disk

4 mm

0.5 McFarland turbidity standard

1.5x10^8 CFU/mL

Within 15 minutes of inoculation, the antimicrobial disks are applied and the plates are _________ for incubation to prevent the accumulation of __________ on the agar surface.

Inverted, Moisture

Disk are only held up for _____ week in refrigerator temp

One

Disk distance

15 mm

Antibiotic dusk

6mm

The highest concentration is _______ to the disk

Closest / Center

<16 hrs. Incubation >18 hrs. Incubation >15 mins. Before disk application <15 mins. Before incubation >15 mins. Before incubation

False Susceptible / Large zone of inhibition False Resistance / Small zone of inhibition False Resistance False Resistance False Susceptible

Plate is examined to confirm that a _______ lawn of growth has been obtained.

Confluent (too many to count)

Plate are place a few inches above a black, non reflecting surface, and zone are examined from the ______ side of the plate illuminated with reflected light

Back

Hazes of Growth 1. Swarming of Proteus is?? 2. When testing Sulfonamide and Trimethoprim as a result of the organism population going through several doubling generation before inhibition /slight growth in the ZOI?? 3. Hazes outside of #1 and #2 4. Staphylococci and Enterococci haze

1. Ignore 2. Ignore 3. Should not be Ignored 4. Use transmitted light

Color if B-lactam ring is broken

Red

Motility L. Monocytogenes Y. Enterocilitica Y. Pseudotuberculosis Campylobacter Capnocytophaga Leptospira Treponema pallidum Spirochetes

Tumbling Motile at 25*C Motile at 25*C Motile at 18-22*C Darting Motility Gliding Motility Spinning Motility Flexing / Graceful Corkscrew Motility

Fermentation ATP for slow growth Repiration ATP for Fast growth

2 ATP slow growth 36 ATP Fast growth

Catalase convert H202 to H20

Bubbles / Effervescence

Gamma hemolysin associated to S.aureus

Panton Valentin Leukocidin

30-50% of all S.aureus strains are capable of producing one of eight distinct serologic types of a heat _____ enterotoxin. The enterotoxin are resistant to hydrolysis by the gastric and intestinal enzymes. The toxin, which are often found in _______ product, are associated with pseudomembranous ___________ and _________ shock syndrome, and they may exacerbate the normal immune response, resulting in further tissue damage and systemic Pathology

Stable Milk Enterocolitis Toxic

Codes and Gold standard for MRSA ID

mecA gene

Most common treatment for MRSA

Vancomycin

Optochin (+) Reagent: Ethyl hydrocupreine hydrochloride Taxo P susceptibility

S. Pneumoniae

A suspension of S.pneumoniae in a solution _________ lyses, and the solution becomes ________

Deoxycholate Clear

Oxidase (+): Purple Reagent: 1% dimethyl-p- phenylenediamine dihydrochloride or tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine dihydrochloride Procedure: 1. Drop the reagent 2. Rub the colony on the paper + drop the rgt 3. Rub the colony on the paper w/ rgt

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Gram (-) nonfermenter Hockey Puck & wagon wheel appearance Otitis media DNAase and butyrate esterase: (+) clear

Moraxella catarrhalis

Microscopy: Coccobacillus and Gram VARIABLE Optimal growth: 30-35*C / 0.5-45*C COLD ENRICHMENT (4*C) Tumbling Motility Umbrella / Inverted Christmas tree Motility Voge Proskauer (+) Methyl Red (+) Ocular Anton: (+) purulent conjunctivitis

Listeria Monocytogenes

Palisading (V & L) Chinese letter / Dumbell / Picket Fence Methylene blue: Metachromatic granules (babes Ernst) Catalase (+); Nonmotile Urease (-) Schick test

C. Diphtheriae Kleb loeffler's bacillus

Red dse, Thread dse, Diamond Butcher dse Catalase (-) Hydrogen sulfide (+) Nonmotile & nonhemolytic Bottle brush, Test tube brush, Pipe cleaner @22*C

Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae

Increase incidence among AIDS patient Zigzag gram stain morphology

Rhodococcus equi

Largest bacilli Discovered by KOCH black eschar Pulmonary: Woolsorter's / Ragpicker dse Scotland outbreak PEA for stool: CDC recommended Skin testb Ascoli Inverted pine tree

Bacillus Anthracis

Primary purpose of egg yolk agar?

Determination of LECITHINASE production

Box car shape & subterminal spore Nonmotile Ferment carbs Catalase (+) 3rd most common food poisoning Lecithinase / alpha toxin (+) Nagler (+) Reverse camp (+) Tx: hyperbaric chamber

C. Perfringes

Canned good bacillus Subterminal spore Botox for treating strabismus B hemolysis Lipase (+) Lecithinase (-) Indole (-) Motile

C. Botulinum

Subterminal Gelatin (+) Lecithinase (+) Lipase (-) Indole (-) Esculi (V) Nitrate (V) Nonmotile

C. Perfringens

Subterminal Gelatin (+) Lecithinase (-) Lipase (+) Indole (-) Esculi (+) Nitrate (-) Motile

C. Botulinum

Terminal Gelatin (+) Lecithinase (-) Lipase (-) Indole (-) Esculi (-) Nitrate (-/+) Motile Tack head bacillus Drum stick Smooth swarming B hemolysis

C. Tetani

Ova and Subterminal Gelatin (+) Lecithinase (-) Lipase (-) Indole (-) Esculi (+) Nitrate (-) Motile Antibiotic associated diarrhea Banyard / horse stable odor

C. Difficile

Vacuum sealed slice bacon 🥓

Lactobacillus

Niacin (+) & Nitrate (+) mycobacterium

MTB (M.tuberculosis, M.bovis, M.africanum, M.canettil, M.microti)

MTB is rapidly killed by exposure to ________ sunlight, if protected from sunlight it remains alive and infectious for up to ____ weeks (dried Saliva). Can withstand most disinfectants and often remain in it's dormant state.

Direct, 10

Hansen dse Tuberculous & Lepromatous leprosy Footpad of armadillo / mouse Cigar packet arrangements Skin test: Mitsuda & Fernandez

M. Leprae

Sputum and bronchial aspirates for mycobacteria?

Early morning specimen, 3 days consecutive

Digestant (liquefy & Disinfect) for mycobacteria

N-Acetyl-L-cysteine

Both Digestant and decontaminant (liquefy & Disinfect) for mycobacteria

Benzalkonium chloride

Specific gravity of tubercle bacilli

0.79 - 1.07

What is the purpose of Crystal Violet in MacConkey agar?

Inhibits the growth of gram (+) bacteria

MALDI-TOF rapid confirmatory Matrix Assisted Lase Desorption ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) is an advance chemical technique that uses ______ excitation to ionize chemical functional groups that are included in the proteins of an organism

LASER

Porphyrin/D-ala positive bacteria

H. parainfluenzae H. parahaemolyticus H. paraphrohaemolyticus