Microbiology Flashcards

(28 cards)

1
Q

Define Virulence

A

The capacity of an organism to cause damage to the host

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2
Q

How do enveloped and non-enveloped viruses leave a cell?

A

enveloped leave a cell by lysis

non-enveloped leave a cell by budding

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3
Q

What is the difference between bacteriostatic and bacteriocidal organisms?

A

Bacteriostatic- inhibit bacteria growth

Bactericidal - kill bacteria

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4
Q

State the use of haemolysis and describe the different types

A

Used only for classification of streptococci

Alpha haemolysis = PARTIAL - GREEN
Beta haemolysis - COMPLETE - YELLOW
Gamma - haemolysis - NONE

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5
Q

What is the nucleoid?

A

The DNA containing region in prokaryotes

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6
Q

What is the difference in the peptidoglycan layer between gram positive and gram negative organisms?

A

Gram +ve - Thick peptidoglycan (multi-layer)

Gram -ve - Thin peptidoglycan (single layer)

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7
Q

What are spores? What is significant about them?

A

small dehydrated chromosomes which are resistant to chemical and physical change - they can therefore survive in unfavourable conditions

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8
Q

List tests used for the identification of viruses

A
PCR 
NAATs 
Electron microscopy 
Cell cultures 
Combined PCR ad mass spectrometry
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9
Q

Do gram negative organisms produce endotoxins or exotoxins?

A

Endotoxins

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10
Q

Do gram positive organisms produces endotoxins or exotoxins?

A

Exotoxins

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11
Q

What colours do gram positive and gram negative stain?

A

Gram Positive - Purple

Gram Negative - Pink

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12
Q

Bacteria grow by binary division which can occur in aerobic, microaerophilic or anaerobic conditions, what does each of these refer to?

A

Aerobic - Occurs in the presence of oxygen (air).

Microaerophlic - Occurs in reduced oxygen and enriched CO2 conditions.

Anaerobic - Occurs when no oxygen is present.

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13
Q

Describe what is meant by exotoxins and endotoxins

A

An exotoxin is produced inside the cells or gram positive bacteria

An exotoxin usually forms part of a gram negative bacterial cell wall

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14
Q

List 3 important groups of GRAM POSITIVE COCCI

A

Streptococcus
Enterococcus
Staphylococus

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15
Q

What does production of prostaglandin E during fever cause?

A

prostaglandin E resets the body’s thermal set point so the body perceives itself as being cold and therefore tries to conserve heat

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16
Q

List the main groups of gram negative cocci

A

Diplococci
Aerobic
Neisseria Gonorrhoea
Neisseria Meningitidis

17
Q

List some coliforms

A

E. Coli
Klebsiella
Salmonella
Shigella

18
Q

List some strict aerobes

A

Gram negative bacilli
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Legionella pneumophilia

19
Q

Name two spiral/ curved gram negative bacilli

A

Campylobacter

Helicobacter pylori

20
Q

What kind of organism - clostridium

A

Gram positive anaerobic bacilli

21
Q

What kind of organism - haemophilia influenza

A

Small gram negative bacillus

22
Q

What are the three steps in gene transfer in bacteria?

A

Transformation
Conjugation
Transduction

23
Q

What is meant by bactericidal and bacteriostatic

A

Bactericidal - Kills bacteria

Bacteriostatic - Inhibits bacteria growth

24
Q

Name a narrow spectrum antibiotic and a broad spectrum antibiotic

A

Narrow spectrum - penicillin

Broad spectrum - Tetracycline

25
Which antibiotic groups work on the cell wall?
Penicillin Cephalosporins Glycopeptides
26
Which antibiotic groups inhibit protein synthesis?
Macrolides, tetracyclines, aminoglycosides
27
Which antibiotic groups act on bacterial DNA?
Metronidazole Fluoroquinolones Trimethoprim
28
What are the 5 steps in viral replication?
- Attachment - Entry - Uncoating - Nucleic acid and protein synthesis - Assembly - Release