Microbiology

Question 1

What are the 4 steps of organism invasion?

Answer 1

1. Introduction
2. Establishment
3. Growth and spread
4. Impact

Question 2

What are the 6 steps of pathogenic infection?

Answer 2

Exposure
Adhesion
Invasion
Colonization
Toxicity
Tissue damage + disease

Question 3

What is a pathogen?

Answer 3

Any microorganism that has the potential to cause disease

Question 4

Define sepsis?

Answer 4

A life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection

Question 5

What immune system component responds to bacteria?

Answer 5

Phagocytes
Antibody and B lymphocytes
Complement

Question 6

What immune system component responds to viruses?

Answer 6

T lymphocytes

Antibody and B lymphocytes

Question 7

What immune system component responds to fungi?

Answer 7

Phagocytes
T lymphocytes
Eosinophils

Question 8

What immune system component responds to protozoa?

Answer 8

T lymphocytes

Eosinophils

Question 9

What immune system component responds to worms?

Answer 9

Eosinophils

Mast cells

Question 10

Describe the period of communicability

Answer 10

Invasion
Incubation
(sub-clinical infection)
Prodromal period (early symptoms)
Ilness period
Convalescent period

Question 11

What is alpha haemolysis?

Answer 11

Partial haemolysis

Question 12

What is beta haemolysis?

Answer 12

Complete haemolysis

Question 13

What is gamma haemolysis?

Answer 13

No haemolysis

Question 14

What are some examples of aerobic organisms?

Answer 14

Staphylococci
Streptococci
Enterococci
Coliforms

Question 15

What is the classification of E.coli?

Name some other bacteria in this group

Answer 15

Gram -ve bacilli
Lactose +
Fast fermenter

Enterobacter
Klebsiella

Question 16

What pathogens are commonly found in the mouth?

Answer 16

Strep viridans
Neisseria
Anaerobes

Candida
Staphylococci

Question 17

What pathogens are found in the stomach/duodenum?

Answer 17

Usually sterile

Question 18

Normal flora of the jejunum

Answer 18

Coliforms and anaerobes

Question 19

Normal flora of the colon

Answer 19

Coliforms
Anaerobes
Enterococcus faecalis

Question 20

What are coliforms

Answer 20

Gram -ve rods e.g. E.coli

Question 21

What is the drug of choice for sepsis and coliforms?

Answer 21

Gentamicin
Aztreonam if gentamicin contraindications
Co-trimoxazole for oral switch

Question 22

What is the drug of choice for sepsis and anaerobes?

Answer 22

Metronidazole

Question 23

What is the drug of choice for sepsis and gram +ve cocci?

Answer 23

Amoxicillin
Co-trimoxazole if amox contraindications

Co-trimox for oral switch

Question 24

Name a gram +ve cocci

Answer 24

Enterococci

Question 25

What antibiotic can be used to kill enterococci?

Answer 25

Vancomycin

Question 26

What is the treatment for a severe C.diff infection?

Answer 26

Vancomycin +/- metronidazole

Question 27

What is the treatment for peritonitis/biliary tract/intra-abdominal infection?

Answer 27

IV amox, met + gent

Question 28

What is the treatment for proven spontaneous bacterial periotonitis?

Answer 28

Severe - pip/taz Mild - co-trimox

Question 29

What is the classification of haemophilus influenzae?

Answer 29

Gram -ve coccobacillus

Question 30

What does haemophilus influenzae grow on?

Answer 30

Chocolate agar media

Question 31

Name some atypical pneumonia

Answer 31

Mycoplasma pneumoniae Coxiella burnetii Chlamydophila psittaci Legionella

Question 32

What do most atypical pneumonias respond to?

Answer 32

Doxycycline

Question 33

What pneumonia can people get from sheep and goats?

Answer 33

Coxiella burnetii

Question 34

Psittacosis and avian chlamydiosis are common in what pet owners?

Answer 34

Bird owners

Question 35

How can atypicals be diagnosed?

Answer 35

Serology | PCR

Question 36

How are viruses tested?

Answer 36

PCR

Question 37

What test would you do if you suspected legionella?

Answer 37

Urine legionella antigen

Question 38

What agar does legionella grow on?

Answer 38

BCYE

Question 39

What top bottle should you use for urine culture in the community?

Answer 39

Red top

Question 40

What top vacutainer do you use for serology of atypicals?

Answer 40

Gold top

Question 41

Name an aminoglycoside

Answer 41

Gentamicin

Question 42

What class of drugs does gentamicin belong to?

Answer 42

Aminoglycosides

Question 43

Name a quinolone

Answer 43

Levofloxacin

Question 44

What class of drugs does ciprofloxacin belong to?

Answer 44

Quinolones

Question 45

What should be monitored when prescribing gentamicin?

Answer 45

Renal function

Question 46

What signs/symptoms might a patient who has sepsis have?

Answer 46

``` V high or low temp Uncontrolled shivering Confusion Cold/blotchy hands/feet Not passing as much urine as normal ```