Microbiology

Question 1

What are some traits that increase an invaders chance of success?

Answer 1

• high growth rates
• dispersal capability
• phenotypic plasticity
• genetic diversity

Question 2

Define colonisation

Answer 2

• the establishment of a microorganism on or within a host; it may be short lived

Question 3

What are some common infections of the abdomen?

Answer 3

• peritonitis
• oesophagitis
• gastritis
• hepatitis

Question 4

Name an example of a bacilli bacteria?

Answer 4

• enterobacteraecia

- mycoplasma tuberculosis

Question 5

What shape is streptococcus?

Answer 5

• cocci

- chain

Question 6

What shape is Staphlococcus?

Answer 6

• cocci

- clusters

Question 7

What are some normal flora of the mouth?

Answer 7

• strep viridans
• neisseria
• candida

Question 8

C.difficle is gram _____, and _____ in shape.

Answer 8

• gram positive
• bacillus
• spore producing

Question 9

What are the 2 toxins produced by C.difficile called?

Answer 9

• Toxin A - enterotoxin

- Toxin B - Cytotoxin

Question 10

How does C.difficle infections arise?

Answer 10

• part of normal flora in bowel
• antibiotics prescribed and kill off competitive bowel flora
• c.difficle overgrows
• spores produced
• can be transmitted from one patient to another

Question 11

What are the symptoms of a c.difficle infection?

Answer 11

• abdo pain
• blood diarrhoea
• bowel perforation

Question 12

What is the treatment of c.difficle?

Answer 12

• less severe = oral metronidazole

- severe = vancomycin

Question 13

Explain who gets the rotavirus?

Answer 13

• children <3yrs

- childcare workers

Question 14

What may be a complication in children that get the rotavirus?

Answer 14

• post-infection malabsorption causing more diarrhoea

Question 15

How is rotavirus diagnosed?

Answer 15

• PCR test in faeces

Question 16

What is the management of rotavirus?

Answer 16

• rehydration

- there is a vaccine

Question 17

What is the method of transmission of norovirus?

Answer 17

• faecal-oral

Question 18

Define antimicrobials?

Answer 18

• wider term that includes all agents that act against microorganisms, namely bacteria, fungi, viruses and protozoa

Question 19

Define antibacterials?

Answer 19

• act only on bacteria

- including antibiotics

Question 20

Define antibiotics?

Answer 20

• are produced naturally by microorganisms and kill or inhibit the growth f other microorganisms, mainly bacteria

Question 21

What methods of transmission is antibiotic resistance achieved?

Answer 21

• vertical transmission

- horizontal transmission

Question 22

Define vertical transmission?

Answer 22

• a bacterium accumulates mutations that allow it to be resistant these genes are passed n to subsequent generations

Question 23

Define horizontal transmission?

Answer 23

• resistant genes are swapped from one microbe to another

Question 24

Explain bacterial transformation?

Answer 24

• release of DNA from one bacteria is taken up by another

Question 25

Explain bacterial transduction?

Answer 25

- release of phage from one bacteria is taken up by another

Question 26

Explain bacteria conjugation?

Answer 26

- bridge like connections between bacterias allow for swapping of DNA

Question 27

What are some solutions to improve AMR?

Answer 27

- Prevent infections - tracking - improving antibiotic prescribing - develop new drugs

Question 28

Define antimicrobial stewardship

Answer 28

- optimal selection, dosage and duration of antimicrobial treatment.

Question 29

Enterobacteriacae is a gram_____ coliform. It forments ____ and is non-_____ producing

Answer 29

- gram -ve - it forments glucose - non-spore producing

Question 30

Flagella allow?

Answer 30

- movement

Question 31

Fimbriae bind tight to ____

Answer 31

- tissue

Question 32

Explain the benefits of MALD-TOF Spectrometry?

Answer 32

- low cost - quick - accurate and effective

Question 33

Blood is associated in the stools of a patient with the rotavirus? True or False?

Answer 33

- FALSE | - Diarrhoea with NO BLOOD is associated with the rotavirus

Question 34

Which virus is also named the winter vomiting bug?

Answer 34

- Norovirus

Question 35

Define infection

Answer 35

- inflammation due to a microbe

Question 36

Define bacteraemia

Answer 36

- prescence of viable bacteria in the blod

Question 37

Define sepsis

Answer 37

- systemic inflammation response to infection

Question 38

What may cause peritonitis?

Answer 38

- leakage of bowel contents into peritoneal cavity

Question 39

What are the symptoms of peritonitis?

Answer 39

- pain - tenderness - guarding - fever - chills

Question 40

What scoring system is used for sepsis?

Answer 40

- qSOFA

Question 41

Empirical treatment for enterocuccs

Answer 41

- amoxicillin

Question 42

Empirical treatment for coliforms

Answer 42

- gentamicin | - monitor urine output

Question 43

Empirical treatment of anearobes

Answer 43

- metrondiazole

Question 44

What is the sepsis 6?

Answer 44

- high flow O2 - IV fluids - blood cultures - IV antibiotics - measure lactate and FBC - monitor urine output

Question 45

What questions should you ask a returned traveller?

Answer 45

- where have you been - symptoms - insect bites? - swimming? - people you travelled with? - any vaccinations

Question 46

Likely causes of acute traveller's diarrhoea?

Answer 46

- E.coli - salmonella - norovirus - rotavirus

Question 47

Enteric fever can be either?

Answer 47

- typhoid or paratyhoid

Question 48

Symptoms of enteric fever?

Answer 48

- headache - constipation - dry cough

Question 49

Salmonella typhi is associated with what?

Answer 49

- enteric fever

Question 50

Malaria may cause?

Answer 50

- pre-hepatic and hepatic jaundice

Question 51

Investigations for amoebiasis?

Answer 51

- Stool microscopy - AXR - endoscopy

Question 52

Giardiasis symptoms?

Answer 52

- watery diarrhoea | - bloating

Question 53

Helminth infections associated with ______

Answer 53

- eosinophillia | - worm infections