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pharmacology Flashcards

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1
Q

What do mucus cells secret in the gastric crypt?

A
  • bicarbonate

- mucus

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2
Q

What do parietal cells secret in the gastric crypt?

A
  • hydrochloric acid
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3
Q

What do enterochromaffin-like cells secrete in the gastric crypt?

A
  • histamine
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4
Q

What do G cells secrete in the gastric crypt?

A
  • gastrin
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5
Q

What do D cells secrete in the gastric crypt?

A
  • somatostatin
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6
Q

What do chief cells secrete in the gastric crypt?

A
  • pepsinogen
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7
Q

What does histamine bind to?

A
  • Histamine H2 receptors in the gastric lumen

- subsequent activation of adenylyl cyclase

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8
Q

What causes the release of histamine by enterochromaffin-like cells?

A
  • stimulation by acetylcholine
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9
Q

What happens to the number of protons pumps when histamine binds to H2 receptors?

A
  • activation of adenylyl cylase
  • increase in cAMP
  • increases number of proton pumps increasing gastric acid secretion
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10
Q

What is ACh released by?

A
  • parasympathetic cholinergic neurons
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11
Q

what does ACh bind to on parietal cells?

A
  • binds to muscarinic (M3) ACh cells receptors
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12
Q

What happens with an increase in intracellular Ca2+?

A
  • evokes cell signalling pathways
  • increases number of proton pumps
  • increases gastric acid secretion from parietal cells
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13
Q

What does gastrin bind to on parietal cells?

A
  • CCK2 receptors

- causes an increase in intracellular Ca2+ levels

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14
Q

What does somatostatin bind to and what does it cause?

A
  • binds to SST2R receptors

- inhibits adenylyl cyclase

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15
Q

What affect does somatostatin have on the levels of cAMP?

A
  • decreases cAMP

- Decreases gastric acid secretion from parietal cells

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16
Q

What affects do antacids has and how do they achieve this?

A
  • reduce the symptoms of excessive gastric secretion by buffering HCl
  • buffering system
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17
Q

Name 2 examples of antacids?

A
  • gaviscon

- peptac

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18
Q

What do NSAIDs disrupt in terms of gastric secretions?

A
  • inhibit COX-1
  • Reduced availability of prostaglandins results in histamine secretion from enterochromaffin-like cells
  • promoting HCl secretion
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19
Q

What does misoprostol do?

A
  • analogue of prostaglandin E1
  • analogue agonist of prostaglandin E1
  • Reduces gastric acid secretions
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20
Q

What are proton pump inhibitors

A
  • irreversibly inhibit H+/K+ ATPase pump
  • reduces HCl secretion
  • examples: lansoprazole, omeprazole etc.
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21
Q

What is an effect of having a low pH in the stomach?

A
  • reduces defences against infection via the GI tract
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22
Q

Examples of histamine H2 receptor antagonists, and what do they do?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • ranitidine, cimetidine

- block H2 receptor, eventually reduces HCl secretion

23
Q

Explain the effect of a H.pylori infection on the gastric lining

Study These Flashcards
A
  • The H. pylori bacteria weakens the protective mucous coating of the stomach and duodenum, - - allowing acid to get through to the sensitive lining beneath. -Both the acid and the bacteria irritate the lining and cause a ulcer.
24
Q

How would you treat a H.pylori infection that forms a peptic ulcer?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Proton pump inhibitors

- antibiotics (clarithromycin and amoxicillin)

25
What is vomiting triggered by?
- triggered by the vomiting/emetic centre located in the brain stem
26
What is unusual about the blood brain barrier in the chemoreceptor trigger zone?
- fairly porus - toxins can get in and activate the neurons within that area - eventually resulting in the vomiting reflex
27
What are the main neurotransmitters involved in nausea/vomiting?
- 5-HT - dopamine - ACh
28
Antihistamines act on what receptor?
- H1 receptor antagonists
29
What are some examples of antihistamines?
- cyclizine | - promethazine
30
5 examples of anti-emetic drugs?
- anti-histamines - anti-muscarinics - 5HT3 receptor antagonists - dopamine receptor antagonists - neurokinin-1 receptor antagonists
31
Side effects of antihistamines?
- sedation | - because they act at H1 receptors in the brain
32
Antimuscarinics act at what receptor?
- muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist
33
Side effects of antimuscarinics
- dry mouth - tachycardia - constipation
34
How do 5-HT3 receptor antagonists work as an anti-emetic?
- antagonist in the chemoreceptor trigger zone of the medulla in the hindbrain and in the GI tract
35
Side effects of 5-HT3 receptors?
- constipation - diarrhoea - headache
36
What receptors do dopamine receptor antagonists act on for an anti-emetic effect?
- D2 receptors in the chemoreceptor trigger zone of the medulla in the hindbrain and in GI tract
37
Side effects of dopamine receptor antagonists?
- diarrhoea
38
How do antidiarrhoeal drugs work?
- electrolyte replacements | - some opiates bind to µ-opiate receptors
39
What drugs can be used in the prevention and treatment of peptic ulcers?
- Proton Pump Inhibitors | - H2 receptor antagonists
40
What drugs would be used to treat GORD?
- H2 receptor antagonists - Proton Pump inhibiotrs - Alignates and Antacids - Antiemetics
41
What are the metabolic functions of the liver?
- regulation of carbohydrate, lipid and amino acid metabolism
42
What hormones are deactivated in the liver?
- insulin - glucagon - ADH - steroid hormones
43
What hormones are activated in the liver?
- T3 | - 25- Hydroxyvitamin D2
44
What storage function does the liver have?
- fat soluble vitamins - water soluble vitamins (B12) - iron, copper - glycogen
45
What proteins are synthesised in the liver?
- albumin - apolipoprotiens - carrier proteins
46
What protection effect does the liver have?
- kupffer cells | - production of immune factors
47
What dexotification function does the liver have?
- endogenous (bilirubin) | - drugs etc.
48
What happens to bile between meals?
- produced continously - stored and concentrated in the gallbladder - sphincter of Oddi closed
49
What happens to bile during meals?
- chyme in the duodenum, stimulates the smooth muscle of the gallbladder to contract (CCK, vagal impulses) - sphincter of Oddi opens
50
What do secretions from hepatocytes contain?
- primary bile acids - water and electroylets - IgA
51
What drug may be suitable for cholelithiasis?
- ursodeoxycholic acod
52
What are resins used to treat?
- hyperlipidaemia - cholestatic jaundice - bile acid diarrhoea
53
Explain how hepatic encephalopathy occurs?
- severe hepatic failure - detoxification of ammonia via urea cycle fails - blood NH3 levels rise exerting a toxic effect
54
What may be used as indirect treatments of hepatic encehpaholpathy?
- lactulose | - antibiotics

GI (36 decks)

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