Microbiology - Ch. 18 Flashcards by Shantel Bahe

Which of the following characteristics are used in identifying organisms by phenotypic methods?
- DNA fingerprint - Ability to digest specific macromolecules
- Staining reactions - Chemical composition of cell wall or membranes
- Presence of microbial antigens in the serum of infected patient
- Colony appearance

Staining reactions - Ability to digest specific macromolecules
Colony appearance - Chemical composition of cell wall or membranes

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Culturing of microorganisms is not always necessary when using ___________ methods for microbial identification.

Genotypic

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Which of the following are common sampling sites for specimen collection?
- Kidney - Liver - Skin - Vein
- Throat - Muscle - Intestine - Mouth

Throat - Skin - Mouth - Vein

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Which methods are typically used to collect saliva or mucus samples from the oral and nasal cavities?
- Scalpel - Discharge by coughing
- Swabs - Needle aspiration

Swabs - Discharge by coughing

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Which of the following body fluids are considered sterile?
- Mucus in trachea - Blood - Tissue fluid
- Cerebrospinal fluid - Sputum

Blood - Tissue fluid - Cerebrospinal fluid

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All of the following are phenotypic methods of identifying unknown bacteria in patient samples EXCEPT __________.
- Detection of antibodies to specific bacterial antigens in serum.
- Ability to metabolize specific sugars.
- Staining for features such as flagella or capsules.
- Size of colonies growing on agar.

Detection of antibodies to specific bacterial antigens in serum

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Reliance on culturing of microbes in order to achieve identification is being replaced by genotypic methods because __________.

Many microbes cannot be grown in the lab

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Which of the following is one of the most rapid ways of determining the general characteristics of a specimen?
- Cultivation & isolation - Phage typing
- Biochemical testing - Microscopic observation

Microscopic observation

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Common fluids used for specimen samples include ________ from the mouth, ______ from veins, & _______ from the bladder.

Saliva; blood; urine

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The mucus secretion that coats the lower respiratory surfaces, called ____________, is discharged by coughing or collected via a catheter to avoid contamination with saliva.

Sputum

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Nonsterile specimens such as feces should be cultured onto _________media to allow for the growth of only the suspected pathogen.

selective

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Which of the following body fluids is considered a nonsterile specimen containing diverse normal flora?
- Cerebrospinal fluid - Tissue fluid
- Mucus in the trachea - Blood

Mucus in the trachea

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Staining reactions - Colony appearance
Ability to digest specific macromolecules
Chemical composition of cell wall or membranes

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Two stains most often used for bacterial identification are the ________ & the ________.

Gram stain; Acid-fast stain

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Clinical microbiologists often obtain pure cultures of a pathogen for use in identification procedures by utilizing sterile techniques and
_________ media

selective

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Media that change in appearance based on chemical reactions & discriminate between multiple bacterial species are called __________ media.

differential

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Which type of media should be used to culture nonsterile specimens, in order to inhibit the growth of normal biota?

Selective

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Flow charts with two choices at each level that are used to identify a particular genus or species with a certain pattern of characteristics are called ___________.

dichotomous keys

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Physiological reactions of bacteria to carbohydrates, gelatin, starch, and other substrates are examples of _______ testing.

biochemical

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Which of the following are disadvantages of culturing techniques for diagnosis of infectious diseases?
- Most pathogens require at least an overnight incubation to form colonies.
- Most culture media are expensive & require rigorous aseptic handling techniques.
- Many bacteria cannot be grown in laboratory culture.
- Culture techniques cannot address antibiotic susceptibility.

Most pathogens require at least an overnight incubation to form colonies.
Many bacteria cannot be grown in laboratory culture.

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When an antigen-antibody reaction involves whole cells, the reaction can be observed ___________.

w/ a light microscope

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A flow chart that is used in the identification of organisms with certain characteristics, having a series of branches with two possible outcomes, is a(n) _____________ _______.

dichotomous key

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Observation of the physiological reactions of bacteria to various substrates, and the formation of various enzymatic products, occurs with _________ testing.

biochemical

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One disadvantage of culturing techniques for diagnosis is that the results are usually not available for ______ hours.

18-24

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Which of the following body fluids are considered sterile? - Blood - Cerebrospinal fluid - Tissue fluid - Sputum - Mucus in trachea

- Blood - Tissue fluid - Cerebrospinal fluid

In a precipitation reaction, the antigen examined is a(n) ____________ molecule.

soluble

Which of the following techniques are useful for the detection of antigen-antibody interactions? - Growth is visible on a supportive medium. - Restriction endonucleases will produce a specific banding pattern. - Aggregation may be visible w/ a microscope. - Dyes may be conjugated to one of the partners in the reaction

- Aggregation may by visible w/ a microscope. - Dyes may be conjugated to one of the partners in the reaction.

______ is the term used to describe the formation of an insoluble aggregate when an antibody combines with a soluble antigen.

Precipitation

Antibody-mediated macroscopic clumping of whole cells occurs in ________ reactions.

agglutination

The antigens analyzed in an agglutination reaction are _________.

whole cells or microorganisms

When an antigen-antibody reaction involves whole cells, the reaction can be observed ___________.

w/ a light microscope

ABO blood typing is accomplished using a(n) __________ test.

agglutination

A lateral flow test involves a technique called __________, consisting of a plastic cartridge material that directs the patient's fluid to move in a particular direction, toward a grouping of affixed antibodies.

immunochromatography

The formation of an insoluble aggregate when an antibody combines with a soluble antigen is called __________.

precipitation

The formation of an insoluble aggregate when antigens on the surface of whole cells combine with antibodies is referred to as _________.

agglutination

In a precipitation reaction, the antigen examined is a(n) ________ molecule.

soluble

ABO blood typing utilizes a(n) _______ test using known antibodies for antigens on the surface of RBCs to determine the blood type of a human patient.

agglutination

Immunochromatography, often known as the __________ ______ test, uses a porous material or polymer to direct fluid toward immobilized antibodies to test for antigens in the patient's fluids.

lateral flow

Antibody-mediated macroscopic clumping of whole cells occurs in ________ reactions.

agglutination

Antibody _______ is a measurement of the amount of antibodies in the _______ portion of blood.

titer; serum

The antigens analyzed in an agglutination reaction are _______.

whole cells or microorganisms

Antibody titers are used to detect exposure to certain infectious diseases such as _________.

rubella

ABO blood typing is accomplished using a(n) ___________ test.

agglutination

A lateral flow test involves a technique called ________, consisting of a plastic cartridge material that directs the patient's fluid to move in a particular direction, toward a grouping of affixed antibodies.

immunochromatography

______ is a technique that utilizes antibody-antigen reactions to cell parts, such as the cell wall, flagella, or capsules, to group bacteria into categories.

Serotyping

The quantity of antibodies in serum is called _______.

titer

Antibody titers are used to diagnose autoimmune disorders such as _______ and ________.

lupus; rheumatoid arthritis

ABO blood typing utilizes a(n) __________ test using known antibodies for antigens on the surface of red blood cells to determine the blood type of a human patient.

agglutination

Arrange the steps of a Western blot in the correct order, w/ the first step at the top. - Electrophoresis of sample. - Comparison of banding pattern w/ known positive & negative controls. - Incubation w/ patient fluid. - Incubation w/ a fluorescently-labeled antibody. - Transfer of protein pattern to filter.

1.) Electrophoresis of sample. 2.) Transfer of protein pattern to filter. 3.) Incubation w/ patient fluid. 4.) Incubation w/ a fluorescently-labeled antibody 5.) Comparison of banding pattern w/ known positive & negative controls.

Immunochromatography, often known as the _________ _____ test, uses a porous material or polymer to direct fluid toward immobilized antibodies to test for antigens in the patient's fluids.

lateral; flow

The fundamental tool in immunofluorescence testing is a monoclonal _________ labeled by a fluorescent ________.

antibody; dye

The division of a species or subspecies into immunologic types based on the antibody reactions to capsule, flagellum, or cell wall antigens is known as ____________.

serotyping

A test that uses fluorescently-labeled antibodies to determine the presence of a specific microbe within a specimen is a(n) ________ immunologic test.

direct

A test that involves the electrophoretic separation of proteins, followed by an immunoassay to detect the presence of specific protein antigen, is called a(n) ________ __________.

Western blot

A fluorescent dye is combined with specific antibody to provide a sensitive test for the presence of a specific antigen or antibody in ________ testing.

immunofluorescence

Which type of testing method can be used to identify exposure to a pathogen through the analysis of antibodies in patient sera?

Indirect fluorescent antibody test

Which direct immunologic method can be used to determine the presence of a specific microbe in a specimen?

Direct fluorescence antigen test

Fluorescent antibodies react with the Fc region of another antibody in _________ immunofluorescence testing.

indirect

Which of the following uses a known fluorescent antibody and a known antigen to detect the presence of a targeted unknown antibody? - Indirect immunofluorescence testing - Indirect ELISA - Direct immunofluorescence testing - Sandwich ELISA. - Radioimmunoassay.

Indirect immunofluorescence testing

The test that employs an enzyme-linked indicator antibody to visualize antigen-antibody reactions is the _______ test.

ELISA

A test that involves the electrophoretic separation of proteins, followed by an immunoassay to detect the presence of specific protein antigen, is called a(n) __________ ______.

Western blot

How are antibody-antigen reactions visualized in an ELISA test?

Color change of substrate

Which type of testing method can be used to identify exposure to a pathogen through the analysis of antibodies in patient sera?

Indirect fluorescent antibody test

Which of the following tests indicates exposure to a purified Mycobacterium tuberculosis protein?

Tuberculin test

Which direct immunologic method can be used to determine the presence of a specific microbe in a specimen?

Direct fluorescence antigen test

In immunologic tests, a high rate of false-positive results reflects low _______ of the testing components.

Specificity

Which of the following is labeled with an enzyme in an ELISA test?

Indicator antibody of known specificity

Place the steps of an indirect ELISA test in the correct order, with the first step at the top. - Substrate for enzyme is added. - Indicator antibody is added & will bind to antigen-antibody complexes. - Wells are observed for color changes. - A known antigen is absorbed to the surface of a well. - Serum from a patient is added.

1.) A known antigen is absorbed to the surface of a well. 2.) Serum from a patient is added. 3.) Indicator antibody is added & will bind to antigen-antibody complexes. 4.) Substrate for enzyme is added. 5.) Wells are observed for color changes.

The fundamental tool in immunofluorescence testing is a monoclonal __________ labeled by a fluorescent _________.

antibody; dye

Which of the following is analyzed using genotypic methods? - DNA sequences - Cell wall structure - Prescence of enzymes - Shape & arrangement of organisms

DNA sequences

The test that involves injecting a purified protein derivative from Mycobacterium tuberculosis into the skin is the __________ skin test.

tuberculin

The property of immunological testing that allows focus on a certain antibody and antigen without cross reaction is called ___________.

specificity

The test that employs an enzyme-linked indicator antibody to visualize antigen-antibody reactions is the ____________ test.

ELISA

How are antibody-antigen reactions visualized in an ELISA test?

Color change of substrate

Which of the following are examples of genotypic methods? - DNA sequencing - DNA hybridization - Shape & arrangement of organisms - Cell wall structure - Presence of enzymes - Polymerase chain reaction

- DNA sequencing - DNA hybridization - Polymerase chain reaction

Which of the following tests indicates exposure to a purified Mycobacterium tuberculosis protein? - Tuberculin test - Observation of rosettes - Direct diffusion test - Microtubule test - Polymerase chain reaction

Tuberculin test

Which of the following is used in the genetic analysis of minute quantities of microbial DNA? - PCR - Serotyping - Direct ELISA - Radioimmunoassay - Precipitation reactions

PCR

In immunologic tests, a high rate of false-positive results reflects low ________ of the testing components.

specificity

For use in a hybridization reaction, a probe must be __________ to the target DNA.

complementary

Which of the following is labeled with an enzyme in an ELISA test?

Indicator antibody of known specificity

Place the steps of an indirect ELISA test in the correct order, with the first step at the top. - A known antigen is absorbed to the surface of a well. - Substrate for enzyme is added. - Indicator antibody is added & will bind to antigen-antibody complexes. - Serum from a patient is added. - Wells are observed for color changes.

Which of the following is analyzed using genotypic methods? - DNA sequences - Cell wall structure - Presence of enzymes - Shape & arrangement of organisms

DNA sequences

A technique that amplifies specific segments of DNA is called the ______________ _________ reaction.

polymerase; chain

A hybridization probe is a small fragment of _______ or ________.

DNA; RNA

Deep sequencing is a technique where ________ is (are) scanned & analyzed many times to reduce error.

a single genome

How are antibody-antigen reactions visualized in an ELISA test?

Color change of substrate

For the widest possible screen of pathogens, a single microarray can be arranged to contain _________ nucleic acid sequences.

bacterial, viral, & fungal

Which of the following are examples of genotypic methods? - Cell wall structure - DNA hybridization - DNA sequencing - Presence of enzymes - Polymerase chain reaction - Shape & arrangement of organisms

- DNA sequencing - DNA hybridization - Polymerase chain reaction

Labs on chips ___________.

- allow the identification of microbes along w/ determining their antimicrobial susceptibilities - have been facilitated by the use of microfluidics

Which of the following is used in the genetic analysis of minute quantities of microbial DNA? - Direct ELISA - Radioimmunoassay - Precipitation reactions - Serotyping - PCR

PCR

For use in a hybridization reaction, a probe must be _____________ to the target DNA.

complementary

A process whereby a single genome is scanned and analyzed many times is called _____________ ___________.

deep sequencing

An adsorbent plate containing specific nucleic acid sequences from multiple types of pathogens, and that is used for hybridization reactions in infectious disease diagnosis, is called a(n) ________________.

chip

A test that uses microfluidics to test for the identity of a microbe along with its antimicrobial susceptibilities is called a lab on a(n) ________________.

chip

A test that uses microfluidics to test for the identity of a microbe along with its antimicrobial susceptibilities is called a lab on a(n) ______________ ______________ reaction.

polymerase chain

MALDI-TOF is a new cutting-edge technology that uses __________ to identify microorganisms.

mass spectrometry

Deep sequencing is a technique where _________ is (are) scanned & analyzed many times to reduce error.

a single genome

This is an imaging technique used to detect microbes in places that are difficult to access, such as an artificial hip joint.

Positron emission tomography (PET)

For the widest possible screen of pathogens, a single microarray can be arranged to contain _________ nucleic acid sequences.

bacterial, viral, fungal

Labs on chips ____________.

- allow the identification of microbes along w/ determining their antimicrobial susceptibilities - have been facilitated by the use of microfluidics

Which of the following is used in the genetic analysis of minute quantities of microbial DNA? - Serotyping - Precipitation reactions - PCR - Direct ELISA - Radioimmunoassay

PCR

The MALDI-TOF technique involves taking culture samples or patient specimens and placing them on a metal plate where they are struck with a(n) ___________, ionizing the sample prior to mass spectrometry analysis of the protein profile.

laser

CT and PET scans represent innovations in _____________ techniques that allow detection of infections that are localized in deep tissue.

imaging

A technique that amplifies specific segments of DNA is called the ______________ __________ reaction.

polymerase chain

MALDI-TOF is a new cutting-edge technology that uses __________ to identify microorganisms.

mass spectrometry

This is an imaging technique used to detect microbes in places that are difficult to access, such as an artificial hip joint.

Positron emission tomography (PET)

CT and PET scans represent innovations in __________ techniques that allow detection of infections that are localized in deep tissue.

imaging

Microbiology - Ch. 18 Flashcards

(107 cards)