Microbiology - Ch.13 Flashcards by Shantel Bahe

Infections transmitted by arthropod biological vectors use which of the following portals of entry?

Skin

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Which portal is used by the greatest number of pathogens?

Respiratory Tract

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T or F: All agents that use a portal of entry to initiate an infection are called exogenous agents

False (normal biota members, endogenous agents, that move from one area of the body into another portal of entry can cause infection). Ex: E.coli from the colon enters the urogenital tract as a portal of entry & causes a UTI

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T or F: Nervous system diseases must always use the respiratory tract as a portal of entry because of its proximity to be brain.

False (nervous system diseases are caused by agents that use other portals of entry besides the respiratory tract). Ex: mosquitoes can transmit West Nile virus through the skin, & poliovirus enters through the GI tract.

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Infections that are transmitted by ticks & other biting arthropods use which of the following portals of exit?

Blood removal

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What portal of exit is used by the varicella-zoster virus (agent that causes chickenpox)?

Respiratory droplets

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T or F: All pathogens that leave via the urogenital tract are considered agents of sexually transmitted infections

False (urine can transmit infections such as typhoid fever, leptospirosis, & schistosomiasis, which none are STIs).

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Pathogens that leave through feces are usually transmitted through _____ contact.

Indirect

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Pathogens that leave through the respiratory portal by sneezing or coughing are usually transmitted through…?

Droplets

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What are the _____ distinct phases of infection & disease?

Four; Incubation period -> Prodromal stage -> Acute phase -> Convalescent Period

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The ______ period is the first phase, & this period is the time from initial contact with the infectious agent to the appearance of the first symptoms

Incubation

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The earliest notable symptoms of most infections appear during a short period known as the _______ stage.

Prodromal

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During the ____ phase, the infectious agent multiplies at high levels, becomes well established in its target tissue, and signs/symptoms reach their peak

Acute

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As the symptoms of the infection decline, the patient enters a period of recovery called the __________ period

Convalescent

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One most note that __________ of a microbe during these four phases varies for every pathogen.

Transmissibility

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Which type of infection is: microbes enter the body & remain confined to a specific tissue?

Localized Infection

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Which type of infection is: infection spreads to several sites & tissue fluids & may travel via nerves & CSF?

Systemic Infection

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Which type of infection is: the infectious agent spreads to other tissues from a local site?

Focal Infection

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Which type of infection is: several microbes establish themselves simultaneously at the infection site?

Mixed Infection

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Which type of infection is: the initial infection?

Primary Infection

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Which type of infection is: an example of influenza complicated by pneumonia?

Secondary Infection

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Which type of infection is: infection comes on rapidly, with severe but short-lived effects?

Acute Infection

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Which type of infection is: infection that persists over a long period of time (ex. HIV)?

Chronic Infection

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“Mucinase produced in amoebic dysentery” belongs to which microbial virulence factor?

Exoenzyme

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“Hyaluronidase produced by streptococci and staphylococci” belongs to which microbial virulence factor?

Exoenzyme

“Kinases (streptokinase, staphylokinase)” belongs to which microbial virulence factor?

Exoenzyme

“Coagulase produced by staphylococci” belongs to which microbial virulence factor?

Exoenzyme

“Lipopolysaccharide” belongs to which microbial virulence factor?

Endotoxin

“Systemic effect on many tissues & organs” belongs to which microbial virulence factor?

Endotoxin

“Fever-inducing” belongs to which microbial virulence factor?

Endotoxin

"Action is specific to one cell type” belongs to which microbial virulence factor?

Exotoxin

“Clostridium tetani tetanospasmin” belongs to which microbial virulence factor?

Exotoxin

Endotoxins are comprised of?

Lipopolysaccharide found in the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria

“Hemolysins produced by Streptococcus pyogenes” belongs to which microbial virulence factor?

Exotoxin

Exotoxins are made up of?

Protein that are synthesized & secreted by a living cell

Endotoxin is a ______ that routinely causes a _____.

Pyrogen; fever

Exotoxins do not usually cause a fever unless ____ production is stimulate as part of the _________ effects

TNF; pathogenic

What are the properties of exotoxins & endotoxins?

Exotoxins are made of protein that are synthesized & secreted by a living cell, whereas endotoxins are comprised of lipopolysaccharide found in the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria. Endotoxin is a pyrogen that routinely causes a fever whereas exotoxins do not usually cause a fever unless TNF production is stimulated as part of the pathogenic effects.

Which type of carrier is: “infected, but shows no symptoms of disease”?

Asymptomatic carrier

Which type of carrier is: “spreads the infectious agent before the appearance of the first symptoms”?

Incubating carrier

Which type of carrier is: “recuperating patients without symptoms; may shed viable microbes”?

Convalescent carrier

Which type of carrier is: “shelters the infectious agent in a latent form for a long period after recovery

Chronic carrier

Which type of carrier is: “Healthcare workers who accidentally transfer pathogens to patients”?

Passive carrier

What is the correct mode of transmission of this scenario: “Syphilis from unprotected sex"?

Direct contact

What is the correct mode of transmission of this scenario: “Lyme disease”?

Biological vector

What is the correct mode of transmission of this scenario: “Salmonellosis from egg salad at a picnic”?

Vehicle

What is the correct mode of transmission of this scenario: “Chickenpox from one child coughing on another”?

Droplet

What is the correct mode of transmission of this scenario: “Hepatitis B from needle sharing”?

Parenteral

What is the correct mode of transmission of this scenario: “MRSA”?

Healthcare-associated

The ______ is the time between an encounter with a pathogen & the first symptoms

incubation period

(Classify the descriptive statements & the groups of microbes to the correct category to review portals of entry & the organisms typically involved in these areas of the human body.) Skin

-Microbes enter via insect bites, conjunctiva, or oral mucous membranes -Staphylococcus aureus, Herpes simplex (type 1). West Nile virus

(Classify the descriptive statements & the groups of microbes to the correct category to review portals of entry & the organisms typically involved in these areas of the human body.) Gastrointestinal tract

-Microbes enter via food, water or fomites -Salmonella, Shigella, Hepatitis A

-Microbes enter via inhalation -Influenza, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Cryptococcus

(Classify the descriptive statements & the groups of microbes to the correct category to review portals of entry & the organisms typically involved in these areas of the human body.) Urogenital tract

-Microbes enter through mucosa of penis or vagina -HIV, Candida albicans, Trichomonas

What are the major portals of exit?

Coughing, sneezing; skin cells & open lesions; urine; insect bite; removal of blood; feces.

What are the steps in microbial disease?

1.) Finding a portal of Entry 2.) Attaching Firmly 3.) Surviving Host Defenses 4.) Causing Disease 5.) Portals of Exit

Symptoms

Fatigue; headache; nausea; abdominal cramps; body aches

Signs

Chest sounds; increased heart rate; fever; skin lesions; high or low leukocyte count

“Staphylococcus aureus residing in the nasal cavity” is this colonization, infection, or disease?

Colonization

“Neisseria gonorrhoeae multiplying in the urogenital tract” is this colonization, infection, or disease?

Infection

“Antibiotic-associated colitis due to toxin production by clostridium difficile” is this colonization, infection, or disease?

Infectious Disease

True or False: Colonization of a body tissue by microbes most often results in the establishment of disease.

False (this will only happen if the microbes enter through the correct portal & establish an infection).

True or False: Resident microbiota can cause disease in some individuals if they gain access to the correct portal of entry.

True (endogenous microbes can still cause disease, especially in immunocompromised individuals. Even in healthy individuals, endogenous microbes can cause disease if they invade a different tissue of the body where they can multiply & cause damaging effects). Ex: E. coli that colonizes the colon, but can be transmitted to the urinary tract through poor sanitary practices & cause a urinary tract infection (UTI).

What are all the sites where normal microbiota have been definitively found in humans?

Mouth; throat; large intestine; skin; vagina

What are the two major goals of the Human Microbiome Project?

-To characterize all of the members of the human microbiota, both those that can be cultured & those that are nonculturable -To determine the role the human microbiota plays in health & disease

The relative ability of a microbe to establish itself in a host & cause disease is referred to as…?

Virulence

Organisms that cause nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea usually enter the body through which portal of entry?

Gastrointestinal tract

True or False: The presence of a capsule can enhance a microbe’s virulence.

True (the capsule is a virulence factor that can enhance a microbe’s ability to attach, evade immune defenses, & cause disease).

*What are the statements that accurately reflect opportunistic infections?

-E.coli that causes UTIs is an example of a common opportunistic pathogen. -Very young & very old patients are most susceptible to opportunistic infections. -Cancer patients are at a higher risk for opportunistic infections.

* The ability of a nonpathogen or weakly pathogenic microorganism to cause disease primarily in an immunocompromised host is termed a/an ________ infection.

Opportunistic

What is the order of microorganisms taking place in the process of establishing disease?

1.) Microbe enters through its portal of entry 2.) Microbe attaches to receptor on host 3.) Microbe overcomes host defenses 4.) Disease is established

* “Kume developed gastroenteritis after eating raw cookie dough. Upon culture of her stool, the causative agent was shown to be Salmonella typhimurium. Presumably, the Salmonella was in the uncooked eggs in the raw cookie dough.” What is the reservoir for the infection in this case?

Fomite

Influenza virus is most likely to leave a host through which exit route?

Sneezing

The minimum number of microorganisms necessary to enter the body and establish infection is termed the

Infectious dose

*True or False: Mucinase; skin & hair.

False (Mucinase affects mucous membranes)

True or False: Keratinase; mucous membrane coating

False (Keratinase affects skin & hair)

True or False: Coagulase; collagen fibers.

False (Coagulase causes blood clotting)

True or False: Hyaluronidase; cement between cells.

True (Hyaluronidase breaks down the cement, ground substance, between cells.

What are the characteristics exhibited by exotoxins, but not exhibited by endotoxins?

-Require very small doses to cause toxic effects -Secreted from a living cell -Have very specific targets

Normal biota includes each of the following except…

All of the choices are correct: o Bacteria o Fungi o Protozoans o Viruses

The term infection refers to ….?

pathogens penetrating host defenses

Each of the following is in inoculation of normal biota to a newborn except:

All of the choices are correct: o The birth process through the birth canal o Bottle feeding o Breastfeeding o Contract with hospital staff

True or False: Latency is a dormant state of an infectious agent.

True

True of False: Fomites, food, & air serve as indirect transmission routes of pathogens.

True

Microbiology - Ch.13 Flashcards

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