Microbiology: Controls Flashcards
(197 cards)
1
Q
What are the environmental zoonotic controls?
A
- Reservoir
- Vector
- Infected animals
2
Q
How are zoonotic diseases in a reservoir controlled?
A
draining swampy areas
3
Q
What zoonotic diseases live in reservoirs?
A
- giardia
- flukes
4
Q
How are zoonotic diseases in a vector controlled?
A
eliminate or reduce exposure to vectors
5
Q
What are the zoonotic vectors?
A
- mosquitos with West Nile Virus
- ticks
- fleas
6
Q
How are zoonotic diseases controlled in infected animals?
A
- isolation of infected or clinically ill animals
- quarantine
- animal control laws to prevent roaming, mating, and interaction of these animals
7
Q
What is sterilization?
A
kills all organisms including all spores and viruses
8
Q
What is disinfection?
A
- kills vegetative organisms, not spores
- kill harmful organisms
9
Q
How is pasteurization used to control zoonotic diseases?
A
- use of heat to keep bacterial growth under control
- reduce harmful bacterial or organisms to “acceptable levels”
- extend shelf life of food
10
Q
What does bacteriostatic mean?
A
- prevents organisms from growing or reproducing
- doesn’t kill bacteria
- keeps bacteria “in place”
11
Q
What is an antiseptic?
A
chemical for destroying harmful microbes for living tissue
12
Q
Example of an antiseptic
A
Listerine
13
Q
What is sanitation?
A
- lower microbe count to “safe public health levels”
- used for glassware, utensils
14
Q
What are the types of radiation used to control zoonotic diseases?
A
- Ionizing
2. Non-Ionizing
15
Q
What is ionizing radiation? (Examples)
A
- high energy light
- x-rays
- gamma rays
16
Q
How effective is ionizing radiation?
A
- very effective, high penetration
- don’t have to heat
- cheaper
17
Q
How does ionizing radiation work?
A
- knocks electrons off of atoms, rearranging them
- destroy, sterilization
18
Q
What is ionizing radiation used for?
A
- sterilize medical devices
- heats sensitive substances like spices
- will sterilize food but not well accepted
19
Q
What is non-ionizing radiation?
A
usually referring to UV light
20
Q
How does non-ionizing radiation work?
A
does not penetrate well
21
Q
What is non-ionizing radiation used for?
A
- good for surfaces
- water
22
Q
What is the down side of non-ionizing radiation?
A
causes DNA damage
23
Q
What is filtration used for?
A
useful for liquids and gases
24
Q
What is membrane filtration?
A
many available down to pore size that will trap viruses
25
What needs to be used with a membrane filter and why?
- pre-filter
| - can clog easily
26
What is a HEPA filter used for?
- air in clean rooms
- hospitals
- labs
27
What are the different types of chemicals used to control zoonotic diseases?
1. Alcohols
2. Heavy Metals
3. Phenolics
4. Iodine
5. Chlorine
6. Quaternary
7. Oxidizing Agents
28
What does alcohol work as?
disinfectant
29
How does alcohol work against bacteria?
dehydrates proteins, dissolves lipids
30
How effective is alcohol against bacteria?
- mildly effective
- mostly washes organisms away mechanically
- low toxicity, cheap
31
How is alcohol used?
used as 50-80% solution
32
How does water work with alcohol?
water helps prevent evaporation and assists in penetration into tissues
33
Besides being used as a disinfectant, how else in alcohol used?
- preserve cosmetics
| - treat skin before venipuncture or injection
34
What are heavy metals used as?
disinfectant
35
What are the commonly used heavy metals?
- Hg (mercury)
- Ag (silver)
- Cu (copper)
36
How effective is are heavy metals as a disinfectant?
mildly effective
37
What are the down sides to using heavy metals?
- higher toxicity
- not very popular anymore
- mostly used for waste disposed
38
How do heavy metals work?
- binds proteins together
| - cellular metabolism is disrupted
39
What is Silver Nitrate used as?
- as an antiseptic
| - as a disinfectant
40
What was Silver nitrate used for in the past?
after babies were born, AgNO3 was put into their eyes to prevent Neisseria gonorrhoeae being passed from mother to child
41
What are phenolics used as?
disinfectant
42
What was the first disinfectant used?
phenols
43
What are phenols compared to?
standard for comparing all disinfectants
44
How effective are phenols in the presence of organic matter?
doesn't work as well with organic matter
45
Why are phenols not used as an antiseptic?
- expensive
- odiferous
- caustic to skin
46
What old cleaning solution used phenol?
old formula Lysol
47
What are the Phenol derivatives?
1. Crestols
2. Hexylresorcinol
3. Bisphenols
4. Triclosan
48
How effective are crestols with germs?
greater germicidal activity with lower toxicity
49
What else are crestols used for?
preserving wood
50
Where are hexylresorcinols used?
- mouthwash
- topical antiseptics
- throat lozenges (sucrets)
51
How does hexylresorcinol work against zoonotic organisms?
- reduces surface tension
| - loosens bacteria from tissues and allows greater penetration
52
What are bisphenols?
- combination of 2 phenol molecules
53
Examples of bisphenols?
1. Orthopheylphenol
2. Hexachlorophene
3. Chlorhexidine
54
Example of an orthopheylphenol
Lysol
55
Example of a Hexachlorophene
dial soap
56
What is chlorhexidine used for?
- surgical scrub
- hand wash
- skin wound cleanser
- antiplaque and anti-gingivitis
57
What is another name for chlorhexidine?
Nolvasan
58
What can happen if chlorhexadine sits out for a while?
bacteria may actually grow in it
59
What kind of coverage does Triclosan have?
broad spectrum
| blocks the synthesis of lipids
60
What are the commercial names for Triclosan?
- irgansan
| - Ster-zac
61
What is triclosan effective against?
- pathogenic bacteria
| - partially effective against fungi and viruses
62
What is triclosan commonly added to?
- antibacterial soap
- lotions
- mouthwashes
- kitchen sponges
- tooth paste
- toys
- food
- utensils
- cutting boards
- underwear
63
What is the problem with putting Triclosan in everything?
bacteria can develop a resistance to it
64
How strong is Triclosan?
mild and non-toxic
65
How effective is iodine and is it toxic?
- effective
- low toxicity
- stains
66
What is a tincture of iodine and what is it used for?
1. antiseptic for wounds
2. iodine and ethyl alcohol
3. can be used in drinking water
4. used in restaurants for eating utensils
67
What are iodophors?
- iodine detergent complexes
| - long term release of iodine
68
What does the detergent part of iodophors do?
loosens organisms from surfaces and then iodine can kill them
69
What are the commercial names for iodophors?
1. Ioprep (surgical scrub)
2. Iosan
3. Betadine
70
What is it called when iodine is combined with non-detergent carrier molecules?
povidine
71
What does Povidine do?
stabilizes iodine and releases it slowly
72
What can still grow in Povidine?
pseudomonas
73
What can chlorine bleach be in the form of?
liquid or gas
74
What is bleach widely used in?
water supplies
75
What is bleach corrosive to?
metals
76
What is the inorganic form of chlorine (bleach) and what is it used for?
- NaOCl
- used as a bleaching agent for textiles
- used in dilute formulas for drinking water, swimming pools, and factory equipment
77
What is organic chlorine (bleach)?
- Chloramine T.
- releases chlorine slowly
- more stable than inorganic
78
What is organic chlorine (bleach) used for?
general wound antiseptic and root canal therapy
79
How effective is chlorine as a disinfectant/antiseptic?
- effective
- broad spectrum including some viruses, fungi, and protozoa
- not a sporicide (spores)
80
What are Quarternarys?
ammonium chloride
- low toxicity
- moderately expensive
81
Where are quaternarys good to use for?
- food
- processing plants
- hospitals
82
How do quaternarys compare to chlorine?
less corrosive
83
Examples of Quarternarys
1. Parvosol
2. Roccal-D
3. 409 (don't mix with soap)
84
What do quaternarys work against?
- broad spectrum
- bacteriostatic
- Gram (+)
85
What are the 3 oxidizing agents?
1. Peroxide
2. Ethylene Oxide
3. Glutaraldehyde
86
What is peroxide used for?
- food processing plants
| - skin disinfection
87
How do the bubbles of peroxide work?
they help with mechanical removal of organisms
88
Toxicity of Peroxide
low
89
What happens when there are organisms with enzymes to break down peroxide?
have to use a higher concentration of peroxide
90
What is peroxide being used for experimentally?
- milk
- soft contact lens
- utensils
91
What is ethylene oxide?
an explosive gas used in a chamber to sterilize medical instruments, bedding, etc.
92
Why must fabrics be aired out after being sterilized by ethylene oxide?
- it is very toxic
| - could cause "cold burns"
93
What is ethylene oxide really good for?
plastics
- petri dishes
- plastic syringes
94
What is glutaraldehyde used for?
- good for surface sterilization of heat sensitive objects
| - delicate instruments such as fiber optics
95
What does glutaraldehyde work against?
spores
96
What is glutaraldehyde used for?
- good for surface sterilization of heat sensitive objects
| - delicate instruments such as fiber optics
97
What are the down sides of using glutaraldehyde?
- very toxic
| - carcinogen (causes cancer)
98
What are the structural barriers for body defenses?
1. skin
| 2. mucous membrane
99
What are non-specific defenses?
act on all invading organisms and toxins in some manner
100
What environment does skin have?
- dry
- salty
- slightly acidic
- keratinized
101
How does skin help protect the body from pathogens?
- unbroken skin is very hard to penetrate
| - skin cells grow rapidly and sheds off layers of dead skin constantly
102
What happens when the skin sheds?
- sheds organisms
| - secretes oils containing lysozymes
103
What are the common skin inhabitants?
1. staphylococcus
2. Bacillus
3. Corynebacteria
104
Are the common skin inhabitants beneficial, opportunistic, or pathogenic?
opportunistic
105
What are the fungi that can infect hair, nails, and skin?
- ringworm
- foot rot
(may become systemic)
106
Where are the mucous membranes found?
- respiratory tract
- conjunctiva (eye)
- genitourinary tract
- GI tract (mouth and intestines and stomach)
107
How does Luceferin work?
Measures ATP
108
Where is luceferin used?
Food processing centers
Operating rooms
109
What is glutaraldehyde used for?
- good for surface sterilization of heat sensitive objects
| - delicate instruments such as fiber optics
110
What are the down sides of using glutaraldehyde?
- very toxic
| - carcinogen (causes cancer)
111
What are mucous membranes constantly doing?
- secreting mucous
| - flushing away things
112
What does mucus contain?
- lysozymes
- antibodies
- acids
113
The respiratory system also has ______ cells to move inhaled material up and out.
ciliated
114
Lung cells have ________ cells to attack anything that gets past cilia.
phagocytic
115
What triggers the coughing reflex?
build up of material in the lungs
116
Where in the intestines are a normal flora of bacteria found?
lower
117
What kind of relationship do GI bacteria have with the host?
symbiotic
118
What do GI flora do to pathogens?
- keeps them in check
| - microbial antagonism
119
The _______ comes into contact with many organisms. (part of body)
mouth
120
What enzymes are in saliva?
lysozymes
121
Why is saliva important for controlling microorganisms in the mouth?
- constantly flushing
| - organisms that can cause tooth decay and gingivitis
122
What pH does saliva have?
low
123
Many viruses invade the body via _______ ?
mucous membranes
124
Where are the mucous membranes that viruses are most likely to enter the body?
- eyes
- respiratory system
- mouth
125
What are the 2 non-specific body defenses?
1. structural barriers
| 2. chemical compounds
126
What are the chemical compounds that the body uses to defend itself?
1. acids
2. lysozyme
3. digestive enzymes
4. complement system
5. interferon
127
What are the acids used in body defense?
1. fatty acids
2. sweat acids
3. hydrochloric acid
128
What do fatty acids do?
directly toxic or upsets cell membranes
129
Acids in the sweat do what?
- help maintain a low pH
- pH 4-6
(most bacteria don't like this pH
130
Where is hydrochloric acid found?
in the stomach
131
What does hydrochloric acid do?
- digests food
| - kills most bacteria
132
What organism can survive in HCl?
Helibactor pylori
133
What does Helibactor pylori cause?
stomach ulcers in humans
134
What do lysozymes do?
helps digest Gram (+) cells walls
135
Where are lysozymes found?
- found in mucus, tears, saliva
| - also inside phagocytes
136
What are the digestive enzymes?
1. Amylase
2. Lipase
3. Trypsin
137
What do the digestive enzymes do?
- help digest starch, fat, and protein
| - upset cell membranes and cell walls of microbes
138
What do bile acids do?
- help remove organisms
139
What makes up the complement system?
a set of 20 proteins in circulation
140
What doe the complement system do?
- assists the immune system
- attracts phagocytes, lymphocytes
- helps digest other cells
141
What does interferon do?
- virally infected cells secrete
- triggers surrounding healthy cells to produce antiviral proteins
- limits viral spread
142
What are the cell-mediated defenses?
leukocytes
143
What do leukocytes do?
specialized cells capable of acting in a specific manner towards individual pathogens
144
What are the 2 types of leukocytes?
1. granulocyte
| 2. agranulocyte
145
What are the granulocytes?
1. Basophils
2. Neutrophils
3. Eosinophils
146
What are the agranulocytes?
1. monocytes
| 2. lymphocytes
147
What do neutrophils do?
- phagocytic
| - first line of defense against bacteria
148
What do eosinophils do?
phagocytic
149
What do basophils do?
secretes useful substances
150
What do monocytes do?
- macrophages
- phagocytic
- eats chunky debris
151
What do lymphocytes do?
- natural killer cells
- produce antibodies (immunity)
- recirculates in blood stream
- recognize foreign cells or infected cells and neutralize or kill the cell
152
What is immunity?
resistance to disease causing organisms or toxins
153
What is an antigen?
- typically foreign
| - stimulates antibody production
154
What is an antibody?
soluble protein made by B-lymphs that selectively bind to antigens
155
What does an antibody do?
attach to antigen binding sites
156
What is an antibody titer?
measures amounts and classes of antibodies
157
What are antibody titers used for?
can determine exposure to or measure protective antibody levels
158
What is an allergic response?
overstimulation of immune system by allergen
159
When does an allergic response happen?
after re-exposure to allergen
160
What are monoclonal antibodies?
- manufactured by cell cultures
| - make one type of antibody in large amounts
161
What is used to make cell cultures for monoclonal antibodies?
- mouse spleen cells
162
What is the problem with using cell cultures?
hard to keep them alive
163
What are the different types of immunity?
1. Natural Active
2. Artificial Active
3. Natural Passive
4. Artificial Passive
164
What is natural active immunity?
- develops after recovery from a naturally acquired infectious disease
165
Microbial agents stimulate immune responses that remain _______ for years.
active
166
Body retains a ______ of the antigen so that any ________ to that antigen will result in a rapid response.
1. memory
| 2. re-exposure
167
What is artificial active immunity?
antigens are introduced to a body by artificial means
| - vaccination
168
The body must act to form antibodies by doing what?
- intentionally making a memory to the antigen without forcing the body to experience the disease
(protection from the disease)
169
What is natural passive immunity?
- newborns receive antibodies from mom during gestation
| - some mammals get antibodies in colostrum
170
How do birds and reptiles pass antibodies to offspring?
though the egg yolk
171
How long do antibodies from colostrum last on humans and in animals?
- humans: 3-6 months
| - animals: 6-12 weeks
172
What is artificial passive immunity?
preformed antibodies via injection
173
How long do preformed antibodies that are injected last?
several weeks
174
What is antiserum?
develop high levels of antibodies in horse and cattle and then collect the serum
175
Monoclonal antibodies or ______ antiserum is now available.
human
176
Artificial Passive Immunity can be used as ______ for high risk population.
prophylaxis
177
Artificial passive immunity injections are used post-exposure to what?
1. diphtheria
2. tetanus
3. botulism
4. rabies
178
How are killed vaccines made?
- pathogen exposed to heat or chemicals
| - antigens are not altered but microbe cannot multiply
179
What is another name for killed vaccines?
Inactivated vaccines
180
To obtain maximum stimulation of antibodies from a killed vaccine, what should be done?
Give in a series of injections
181
Immunity from killed vaccines does not last as long as naturally acquired pathogens.
What must be given to increase effectiveness of the killed vaccine?
Booster shot
182
Example of a killed vaccine
Rabies vaccine
183
What are attenuated or weekend vaccines?
- Low virulence microbes that will multiply in tissue
| - weakened or reduced in force
184
What does a single dose of an attenuated vaccine do?
Single-dose stimulates a high antibody level that lasts a prolonged time
185
Sometimes able to give a vaccine through ___________ route of infection.
Natural
186
What is an example of a vaccine given through natural routes of infection
Polio - orally
187
What are the disadvantages of attenuated vaccines?
- disease may result from vaccine itself
| - immune compromised or pregnant animals should not receive these vaccines
188
What are subunit or recombinant vaccines?
- use purified fractions of the microbe
| - helps reduce side effects
189
Genetic engineering is helping to create new vaccines by purifying only the __________ required to stimulate protective immunity.
Antigen
190
Example of a subunit or recombinant vaccine
Hepatitis B
191
How is the hepatitis B subunit vaccine made?
Borrow surface antigen made by yeast cells through a recombinant DNA technology
192
What are toxoid vaccines?
Contain inactivated toxins or toxoids rather than the killed cells
193
What are the diseases that are caused by exotoxins?
Diphtheria
| Tetanus
194
What are antibodies created against exotoxins called?
Anti-toxins
195
What are DNA vaccines?
Inject bare DNA from infectious agent and the host will make some of it's proteins
196
What happens when the host is injected with a DNA vaccine?
Develop antibodies in response and develop immunity
197
What does a DNA vaccine mimic?
Viral infection
