Microbiome Based Probiotics

Question 1

Shaping immune system by probiotics can lead to

Answer 1

Stimulate production of GI hormones

Question 2

Manipulation of microbiota via passive processes

Answer 2

Hygiene, diet, lifestyle

Question 3

Hygiene

Answer 3

Sanitary practices shift primary colonizers

Question 4

Diet

Answer 4

Phylogenetic variations

Question 5

Lifestyle

Answer 5

Diversity affected by physical activity (more diverse in athletes)

Question 6

Active processes to manipulate the microbiome

Answer 6

Antibiotics and prebiotics

Question 7

Antibiotics lead to (4)

Answer 7

Dysbiosis, low diversity, taxonomic richness, and evenness

Question 8

Gene altering by antibiotics (3)

Answer 8

Decreased SCFA, glycolysis, vitamin production…for bacterial survival

Question 9

Why antibiotics lead to negative effects

Answer 9

Have chemicals that inhibit specific functions in cell to stress bacteria

Question 10

Probiotics affect host

Answer 10

Directly or through its products

Question 11

Probiotics best studied for

Answer 11

Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium

Question 12

Monostrain

Answer 12

Only one strain supplied

Question 13

Multistrain

Answer 13

Several strains of different species/genera and are most products on market

Question 14

Multistrains may have

Answer 14

Synergistic effects

Question 15

Examples of multistrain probiotics

Answer 15

VSL#3 and EcologicRTolerance/Syngut

Question 16

VSL#3 (7)

Answer 16

S. thermophilus, Eubacterium faecium, B. breve, B. infantis, L. acidophilus, L. Plantum, L. casei, L. delbruekii sb. bulgarisus

Question 17

Syngut/EcologicTolerance (4)

Answer 17

B. lactis, L. acidophilus, L. pantum, L. lactis

Question 18

Multistrains work in…

Answer 18

Healthy people, not sick

Question 19

Probiotics isolated from commensal gut bacteria

Answer 19

Can’t be given definition of probiotics until stability, content, and health effects characterised

Question 20

Select microbes in gut by…

Answer 20

Understanding which microbes are decreased in different diseases (chose that one to restore microbiome)

Question 21

MAM

Answer 21

Microbial anti-inflammatory molecules

Question 22

MAM produced by

Answer 22

Faecalibacterium prausnitzii

Question 23

PSA

Answer 23

Polysaccharide A from Bacteriodes fragilis

Question 24

Lactocephin

Answer 24

Inhibitor molecule to get NfKb triggering and T-regs stimulated

Question 25

Lactocephrin produced by

Answer 25

L. paracasei

Question 26

Next Generation Probiotics

Answer 26

Develop based on epidemiological studies that find associations between specific taxa and progression from health to subclinical and clinical conditions

Question 27

Next Generation Probiotics (6)

Answer 27

Faecalibacterium prausnitizii, Akkermansia muciniphila, Bacterodies uniformis and B. fragilis, Eubacterium hallii, Clostridium clusters IV, XIVa, XVIII

Question 28

F. prausnitzii taxonomy

Answer 28

Firmicutes --> Clostridia --> Clostridiales --> Clostridiaceae (cluster IV)

Question 29

3-5% of fecal bacteria in humans

Answer 29

F. prausnitizii and A. muciniphila

Question 30

F. prausnitzii benefits

Answer 30

Decreased in CD (and IBS, UC, and colorectal cancer) --> involved in several dysbiosises

Question 31

Sensor of intestinal health

Answer 31

F. prausnitzii

Question 32

F. prausnitzii overall mechanism

Answer 32

Inhibit NfkB activation + Induce T-regs + prevent Th17 activation

Question 33

How F. prausnitzii inhibits NFkB

Answer 33

Block pro-inflammatory stimulus + butyrate production

Question 34

How F. prausnitzii activates T-regs

Answer 34

Components interact with DCs that can then go to MLN and induce + Transcytosis through M-cells into lymphoid structures + IL-10 produced by APCs

Question 35

Th17 blocking by F. prausnitzii

Answer 35

IL-10 from APCs block pro-inflammatory stimuli

Question 36

Akkermansia muciniphila Taxonomy

Answer 36

Verrucomicrobia, Verrucomicrobiae, Verucomicrobiales, Verrucomicrobiaceae

Question 37

A. muciniphila lower in (5)

Answer 37

Type 2 Diabetes, obesity, intestinal inflammation, liver disease, chronic alcohol consumption

Question 38

Adapted to a glycan-rich environment

Answer 38

A. muciniphila via mucus degrading enzymes

Question 39

How to increase A. muciniphila

Answer 39

prebiotic inulin

Question 40

Mechanism of A. muciniphila decreases

Answer 40

Thin mucus layer --> Tight junction proteins are compromised --> leaky gut so they can pass through --> LPS stimulates hepatic problems, inflammation, insulin resistance

Question 41

Mechanism of A muciniphila increases

Answer 41

Mucus thickens to strengthen tight junctions (bacteria cannot get through mucus)

Question 42

25% of our gut microbiota

Answer 42

Bacteroides species (commensals)

Question 43

Most common Bacteroides isolate

Answer 43

B. fragilis

Question 44

Roles of B. fragilis

Answer 44

PSA activates T-cells + Development of immune system homeostasis

Question 45

B. uniformis

Answer 45

Ameliorate metabolic disorders and immunological dysfunction in obese mice

Question 46

B. uniformis isolation

Answer 46

Originally from healthy baby

Question 47

Eubacterium hallii

Answer 47

Important anaerobic butyrate producer resident in out gut

Question 48

Butyrate functions

Answer 48

1. Lower mucosal inflammation and oxidation 2. Strengthen epithelial barrier function 3. Modulate intestinal motility 4. Colonocytes energy source 5. Produce SCFA from variety of substances

Question 49

Inter-relationship between...

Answer 49

Bifidobacterium (degrade complex fibers) and Eubacterium hallii (produce butyrate from broken down complex fibers)

Question 50

Products of Bifidobacterium include

Answer 50

Formate and lactate and acetate