Milk

Question 1

Complex glycans

Answer 1

Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs)

Question 2

Who breaks down HMOs?

Answer 2

Bifidobacterium (In MOM)

Question 3

HMOs allow

Answer 3

Mitigation of harmful bacteria with growth of beneficial

Question 4

Abundance of HMOs

Answer 4

Third most abundant component in human milk and more than protein

Question 5

HMOs

Answer 5

Indigestible that serve as metabolic substrate for beneficial bacteria and commensals

Question 6

Variations in HMOs

Answer 6

Concentration: Lactation stage (colostrum vs mature milk) and Type: Genetics of mother

Question 7

Colostrum vs Mature milk HMO numbers

Answer 7

20-25g/L vs 5-15g/L

Question 8

Number of HMOs identified in human milk

Answer 8

> 200

Question 9

HMOs are ___ because ___

Answer 9

Prebiotics because they are indigestible and make their way to the gut without modification

Question 10

Benefits of HMOs

Answer 10

1) Grow beneficial bacteria
2) Modulate intestinal epithelial cell responses
3) Prevent pathogens in epithelium (antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity)

Question 11

Genetics of HMOs

Answer 11

Goes along with mom’s blood group + depends on type of glucosyltransferase expressed

Question 12

HMOs can have _____ units

Answer 12

15 disaccharide units with different isomeric forms

Question 13

Number of HMOs that are neutral

Answer 13

75%

Question 14

Culturing of human milk have found

Answer 14

Staph (aureus and epidermidis), Strep salvarius, Lactobacillus, and Bifidobacterium

Question 15

9 Core Genera of Milk

Answer 15

Staphylococcus, Strep, Sphingomonas, Serratia, Pseudomonas, Propionibacterium, Ralstornia, Corynebacterium, Bradyrhizobiaceae

Question 16

Core Genera in milk %

Answer 16

95%

Question 17

Number of bacteria BF babies consume a day

Answer 17

8x10^5

Question 18

Enteromammary Pathway

Answer 18

Bacteria from human gut travels to the mammary gland to mold epi cells, immune cells, and bacteria itself

Question 19

HMM unique to

Answer 19

Mother

Question 20

HMM influenced by

Answer 20

Mother’s skin (Staph and Corynebacterium), Enteromammary pathway, backflow from baby

Question 21

Sources of baby microbiomes

Answer 21

delievery –> HMM

Question 22

Two core genera in HMM

Answer 22

Staph and Strep

Question 23

NEC

Answer 23

Most common GI disease in pre-term infants and most common cause of death but incompletely understood

Question 24

% of low birth weight babies that develop NEC

Answer 24

7%

Question 25

Mortality of NEC

Answer 25

10-30%

Question 26

Risk factors of NEC

Answer 26

Formula + acid supplement medications + Longterm antibiotics

Question 27

How human milk protects from NEC

Answer 27

Down-regulates pro-inflammatory genes + SCFA production to lower pH and O2 to suppress pathogens and support barrier maturation and function

Question 28

DHM

Answer 28

Mimicking MOM that is usually a complex mix of different samples of MOM

Question 29

Limitations of DHM

Answer 29

No microbiome and inactivation of components due to pasteurisation and varies + no specific gestational age or nutritional needs of infant considered

Question 30

Downfall of DHM (3)

Answer 30

Lack microbiota so more vulnerable to infection + reduced Ig, lactoferrin, cytokines, growth factors + harder to digest and absorb nutrients

Question 31

Human milk banks all over

Answer 31

US and Australia with Japan and Norway having pasteurisation free options

Question 32

Mimicking MOM new option

Answer 32

Mix donor and MOM and incubate over time (3 or 10% MOM)

Question 33

MOM + DHM -->

Answer 33

No change in alpha diversity, but significant difference in members (50% restoration to famiies in MOM)

Question 34

Frozen MOM + DHM

Answer 34

No difference in repopulation from immediate processing

Question 35

MOM + DHM vs MOM

Answer 35

Metabolic analysis similar + similar IL8 in cell lines (safe)

Question 36

HMO structures

Answer 36

Lactose elongated by 1,3 or 1,6 linked lactobiose or N-acetyl glucosamine

Question 37

3 Types of HMOs

Answer 37

Fructose at end (35-50%), N-acetylglucosamine at end (42-55%), or Salic acid at end (12-14%)

Question 38

Neutral VS Acidic HMOs

Answer 38

Sialic acid is acidic and fructose or N-acetylglucosamine neutral (75%)

Question 39

Bioactives (5)

Answer 39

Ig, HMOs, WBC, AMPs, miRNAs

Question 40

MOM benefits

Answer 40

Complete and personal nutrition, Enhances immune development, gut colonisation, pathogen protection, less GI disease