Psycobiotics

Question 1

Brain modulates GI tract through

Answer 1

Motility, secretion, absorption, blood flow

Question 2

GI tract stimulates the brain through

Answer 2

Stimulation of IR or small molecules

Question 3

Components of gut-brain axis

Answer 3

CNS + ANS + ENS + IS + GI tract + Neuroendocrine system

Question 4

GI symptoms is comorbidity + Gut dysbiosis (metagenomic sequencing)

Answer 4

Neurological Diseases

Question 5

New axis definition

Answer 5

Microbiota-gut-brain (MGB) axis

Question 6

Gut microbes Mechanism

Answer 6

Peripheral serotonin secretion by epi cells + Immune cells to produce cytokines or develop immune cells in brain + Metabolites such as butyrate

Question 7

Metabolites to the brain can

Answer 7

Alter cells in BBB or develop intestinal and brain cells

Question 8

Psychiatric conditions linked to gut alterations

Answer 8

AI disease (MS) + Neurodegenerative disorders (Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s) + Injury (spinal cord) + Neuropsychiatric (depression and anxiety)

Question 9

Disorders and gut dysbiosis stage

Answer 9

Correlation (no proof bacteria play role)

Question 10

Microbiota —> CNS

Answer 10

Microbial derived molecules, neuroactive molecules, Neuronal signalling

Question 11

Microbial Derived Molecules for the CNS

Answer 11

SCFAs. Tryptophan metabolites, MAMPs

Question 12

Neuroactive Molecules for CNS

Answer 12

Neurotransmitters biosynthesis and regulation of signalling

Question 13

Neuronal Signalling of CNS

Answer 13

Vagal nerve stimulation

Question 14

SCFAs and CNS

Answer 14

Microglial maturation and function

Question 15

Tryptophan metabolites

Answer 15

Keratonin and serotonin stimulate AHR to modulate immune stimulating genes

Question 16

MAMPs CNS responds to

Answer 16

LPS and PGN

Question 17

Microbiota —> Immune System

Answer 17

MDM + immune pathways

Question 18

MDM to immune system

Answer 18

SCFAs and MAMPs (PSA and TLR/NLR ligands)

Question 19

Immune pathway regulated

Answer 19

Th17, Treg, APC, antibody, phagocytosis

Question 20

Immune system –> CNS

Answer 20

Tissue inflammation, injury, and repair + neurogenesis + Neuronal development and connectivity

Question 21

Tissue inflammation, injury, and repair

Answer 21

Th1 (IFNY), Th2 (IL-4), Th17, Treg (IL-10)

Question 22

Neurogenesis

Answer 22

Monocytes

Question 23

Neuronal development and connectivity

Answer 23

IL-17 and IFNY

Question 24

CNS –> IS and Microbiota

Answer 24

Neuroendocrine singaling

Question 25

Neuroendocrine signaling

Answer 25

HPA axis --> microbiota composition, intestinal permeability/motility, Immune regulation

Question 26

Prebiotic pathway

Answer 26

Stimulate gut microbiota and neurochemicals (also stimulated by gut microbiota) --> stimulate brain function

Question 27

Probioitcs and the communication with the CNS

Answer 27

Probiotics --> NT producing microbes

Question 28

HPA Axis

Answer 28

Release cortisol that activates immune cells and leaky gut

Question 29

Communication of microbiota with NS via

Answer 29

Neuronal pathways + Immune system + Metabolites

Question 30

Probiotics can regulate these two things to help with brain function

Answer 30

Gut dysbiosis + Reduced barrier integrity

Question 31

Gut dysbiosis effects on NS

Answer 31

Inflammation, activate HPA axis, alter NT and metabolite levels that then signal the vagus nerve

Question 32

Signal the vagus nerve

Answer 32

Metabolites, NTs, serotonin

Question 33

Reduced barrier integrity on NS

Answer 33

Leaky gut and bacterial migration --> Inflammation --> Inflammatory cytokines disrupt BBB

Question 34

Healthy microbiota and the NS

Answer 34

Produce NTs, serotonin, SCFA --> stimulate the vagus nerve and ICs (SCFAs) --> produce cytokines

Question 35

Gut microbes to CNS

Answer 35

Gut microbes release metabolites or stimulate M cells and DCs ---> interact with ENS ---> interacts with the CNS

Question 36

SCFAs into ENS

Answer 36

Stimulate GPCRs --> stimulate T-regs

Question 37

LPS and EPS as metabolites interacting with the ENS

Answer 37

Stimulate TLRs

Question 38

ENS communication with CNS

Answer 38

Stimulates GPCRs or TLRs to stimulate GDNFs

Question 39

DCs and Microfold cells action with ENS

Answer 39

Translocate microbes from lumen to lamina propia

Question 40

Microbes and receptors

Answer 40

Interact directly or through metabolites (TLRs and GPCRs)

Question 41

GPCR

Answer 41

G-protein couples receptor

Question 42

GPCRs in the ENS

Answer 42

Interact with SCFAs to regulate colonic Tregs

Question 43

TRL stimulation of the CNS

Answer 43

Stimulates GDNF to increase glial cell and enteric neurons (?)

Question 44

GDNF

Answer 44

Glial cell line derived neutrophilic factor