Microbiomes - L4B

Question 1

what is a microbiome?

Answer 1

functional collection of microbes at an environmental site

Question 2

what is a microbiota?

Answer 2

type of organisms present at all environmental site

Question 3

the name for good microbiomes?

Answer 3

symbionts

Question 4

the name for bad symbionts?

Answer 4

pathogens

Question 5

importance of the microbiome?

Answer 5

• Development of new therapeutics
• Personalised therapies
• Probiotic treatment

Question 6

where is symbiotic bacteria found?

Answer 6

• oral cavity
• gut
• skin

Question 7

what was the stomach long thought to be?

Answer 7

• sterile
• now known to host a diverse microbiome

Question 8

what are some core microbes of the stomach?

Answer 8

• prevotella
• streptococcus
• lactobacillus

Question 9

what is the large intestine home to?

Answer 9

ver large numbers of bacteria and some archaea

Question 10

what are the 3 enterotypes of the gut microbiome?

Answer 10

prevotella

bacteroidetes

ruminococcus

Question 11

why is an altered endocrine function bad?

Answer 11

increased insulin resistance

alteres glucose metabolism

causes diabetes

Question 12

why is modulation of lipid metabolism bad?

Answer 12

obesity

hypertension

cardiovascular disease

Question 13

why is production of neurotransmitters bad?

Answer 13

mental health problems

Question 14

3 functions of oral microbiome?

Answer 14

• prevent dental cavities originating
• control vascular health
• aid normal development of immunity

Question 15

what was the lung microbiome thought to be?

Answer 15

• sterile
• is NOW known as a diverse microbial habitat

Question 16

what affects the development of lung microbiome?

Answer 16

• geographical location
• environmental conditions

Question 17

why is it difficult to sample lower airway microbiome?

Answer 17

due to issues with contamination, access, invasiveness

• where to sample and transport of microbial samples

Question 18

name 2 diseases associated with lung microbiome

Answer 18

• rhinovirus
• influenza

Question 19

where is bacteria trapped when inhaled?

Answer 19

• mucous secretions

Question 20

main bacteria in upper respiratory tract?

Answer 20

• streptococci
• staphylococci

Question 21

what is the lower airway microbiota dominated by?

Answer 21

actinobacteria

proteobacteria,

Question 22

how many bacterial genomes in the lower airway?

Answer 22

approx 2000 bacterial genomes per cm^2

Question 23

what is seen in diseased airways?

Answer 23

candida

penicillin

Question 24

what is seen in cystic fibrosis and asthma ?

Answer 24

Malassezia

Question 25

what can an unstable microbiome leads to>

Answer 25

increased risk of infection and disease Number of infections at early age affects later life events Dynamic interaction between different microbes

Question 26

what do microbiomes release?

Answer 26

products to make microbes more susceptible or resistant to immune attack

Question 27

what do viruses break down?

Answer 27

epithelial barriers

Question 28

what do the broken down epithelial barrier increase?

Answer 28

risk of bacterial infection

Question 29

what do bacteria upregulate?

Answer 29

adhesins

Question 30

why does priming immune cells with bacteria make them more resistant to viral infection?

Answer 30

- Shapes immune responses, inflammation and tolerance - Influences bacterial communities

Question 31

is the vaginal microbiota diverse?

Answer 31

no

Question 32

which bacteria presents as lower pH and regulate immune function

Answer 32

lactobacillus acidophilus

Question 33

what other bacterias are in the vaginal microbiome

Answer 33

staphylococci E. coli

Question 34

what dominates the four vaginal endotypes?

Answer 34

lactobacilli

Question 35

why is the final vaginal endotype different?

Answer 35

fewer lactobacilli but more anaerobes

Question 36

how does lactobacilli decrease vaginal pH?

Answer 36

- oestrogen produced - acid produced and pH drops

Question 37

is lactobacilli gram positive or negative?

Answer 37

positive

Question 38

how many bacteria in the skin?

Answer 38

Approx. 1 million bacteria per cm^2

Question 39

describe two changes in the microbiome that drives disease

Answer 39

Dental cavities-> changes in oral microbiome on a community level Inflammatory bowel disease -> failure to tolerate normal microbiota early in life