Micronutrients Flashcards by Beth Mc

You are working with a client who has anemia that is unresponsive to iron

therapy. Which of the following might you recommend to support your efforts?
a. copper
b. zinc
c. copper & zinc
d. none of the above

a. copper

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The ________________ of the small intestine secrete the enzyme, ________________, which converts trypsinogen to trypsin.

a. mucosal cells, endopeptidase
b. enterocytes, enterokinase
c. goblet cells, dipeptidase
d. enterocytes, cholecystokinin

b. enterocytes, enterokinase

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Metabolism of vitamin B6 to the primary coenzyme form, pyridoxal phosphate, requires the action of what other B vitamin?

a. GSH
b. NAD
c. THF
d. FMN

d. FMN

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Which of the following is the most bioavailable form of calcium supplementation?

a. calcium carbonate
b. calcium citrate
c. calcium sulphate
d. calcium phosphate

b. calcium citrate

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To absorb folate consumed from green, leafy vegetables, _____.

a. phosphate groups much be removed by the action of alkaline phosphatase
b. glutamate must be transaminated to form alpha-ketoglutarate
c. glutamic acid molecules must be removed
d. glutamic acid molecules must be added

c. glutamic acid molecules must be removed

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Pernicious anemia is identified by the _____ test, which involves using radioactive _____.

a. Methylmalonic acid, Vitamin B12
b. RBC folate, folate
c. RBC serum, Vitamin B6
d. Schilling, Vitamin B12

d. Schilling, Vitamin B12

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Which of the following may be due to a defect in copper metabolism (found
mainly in young males)?
a. Menkes disease
b. Wilson disease
c. Acrodermatitis enteropathica
d. All of these diseases may be due to such a defect

a. Menkes disease

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The vitamin K content in foods is reduced by:

a. alkaline environments
b. tannins
c. pasteurization
d. irradiation

a. alkaline environments

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The increased risk of kidney stones with hypercalcemia is typically due to:

a. excess dietary intake of calcium
b. excess supplemental intake of calcium (carbonate form)
c. increased excretion of calcium by the kidneys
d. all of the above

c. increased excretion of calcium by the kidney

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Which of the following is NOT a type of carotenoid?

a. beta-carotene and alpha-carotene
b. beta-cryptoxanthin & zeaxanthin
c. lutein
d. glucomannon

d. glucomannon

Carotenoid types:
Beta-carotene Alpha-carotene
Beta-cryptoxanthin Zeaxanthin
Lutein Lycopene

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Where is vitamin C mainly absorbed?

a. the duodenum
b. the duodenum and jejenum
c. the jejenum and ileum
d. the ileum

c. the jejenum and ileum

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What levels of Vitamin D supplementation and supplementation duration are observed in Vitamin D toxicity?
a. Daily intakes of 20,000 IU or higher for several months b. Daily intakes of 10,000 IU or higher for several months
c. Daily intakes of 5,000 IU
or higher for several months
d. None of the above as Vitamin D toxicity is unlikely.

b. Daily intakes of 10,000 IU or higher for several months

Reference: Gropper, p. 399

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Why is colostrum yellow? It has high amounts of:

a. riboflavin
b. Vitamin A
c. niacin
d. antioxidants

b. Vitamin A

Colostrum is a rich source of Vitamin A.

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Which nutrient has a synergistic relationship with CoEnzyme Q10 (CoQ10)?
A. Vitamin C
b. Vitamin A
c. Vitamin E
d. Vitamin D

c. Vitamin E

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What is the normal pH range of serum bicarbonate (HCO3) on an arterial blood gas result?

a. 20-25 mEq/L
b. 22-26 mEq/L
c. 25-27 mEq/L
d. 25-30 mEq/L

b. 22-26 mEq/L

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Cheilosis is a symptom of a dietary deficiency of which vitamin?

a. niacin
b. ascorbic acid
c. riboflavin
d. biotin

c. riboflavin

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Which amino acid may antagonize the functions of Vitamin B6 and impair the conversion of tryptophan to niacin, when eaten in excess in the diet?

a. lycine
b. arginine
c. leucine
d. methionine

c. leucine

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Which one is incorrectly matched?

a. major extracellular cation is sodium/Na+
b. major extracellular anion is bicarbonate/HCO3-
c. major intracellular cation is potassium/K+
d. minor intracellular anion is phosphate ions
e. all of the above are correct

e. all of the above are correct

another key extracellular anion is Chloride (Cl-)

Cations are positive (+); anions are negative (-)

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A positive taste test (i.e. suggestive of deficiency) and an alkaline phosphatase
lab of <70 U/L indicate a possible ________________ deficiency.
a. copper
b. iron
c. zinc
d. Vitamin A

c. zinc

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Which statement below is incorrect?

a. lutein carotenoids include: beets, kiwi & eggs
b. beta-carotene carotenoids include: salmon & oranges
c. lycopene carotenoids include: tomatoes & watermelon
d. zeaxanthin carotenoids include: orange peppers, eggs & corn

b. beta-carotene carotenoids include: salmon tomatoes & oranges is incorrect.

Beta-carotene carotenoids actually include:
carrots (also have alpha-carotene)
canteloupe, broccoli, squash, peas, spinach

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B6-dependent transamination reactions are important in which process?

a. glyconeogenesis
b. gluconeogenesis
c. heme synthesis
d. more than one of the above

b. gluconeogenesis

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Plasma buffers act as __________ if plasma pH goes above 7.45, and __________, if plasma goes above 7.35.

a. acids, bases
b. neutralizers, immobiliziers
c. bases, acids
d. bases, neutralizers

a. acids, bases

If serum pH is greater than 7.45, it’s ALKALEMIA, so need an acid to lower pH (need more H+).

If serum pH is lower than 7.45, it’s ACIDEMIA, so need an acid to increase pH (need less H+).

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Hypervitamonisis A can be caused by ingesting large amounts of supplemental vitamin A, such as:

a. 10,000 IU daily
b. 15,000 IU daily
c. 50,000 IU daily
d. 72,000 IU daily

c. 50,000 IU daily

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Vitamin B1/thiamin is a co-factor for which biochemical reactions?

Pyruvate dehydrogenase (part of TLCFN)
Alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
Branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase
pyruvate decarboxylase (+Mg)
transketolase in the PPP (glutathione production; FA & nucleic acid synthesis)

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What is the name of the glucose transporter in the liver? a. GLUT1 b. GLUT2 c. GLUT3 d. GLUT4

b. GLUT2 "2 live" in the liver

Your client is a 35yo female with a diagnosis of iron-deficiency anemia. After 3 months of supplementing with non-heme iron and vitamin C, her iron status has not improved. What other deficiencies might you consider? a. zinc b. biotin c. selenium d. Vitamin A

d. Vitamin A Studies with anemic children and women from areas where vitamin A deficiency is endemic, have shown a beneficial effect on Fe status of supplemental vitamin A in addition to Fe supplementation.

Restless leg syndrome can occur with a deficiency of ________________? a. copper b. iron c. zinc

b. iron

Which nutrition assessment method is used to collect dietary info from a community? a. food frequency questionnaire b. food diary c. 24-hour recall d. food survey

a. food frequency questionnaire

Which classical vitamin deficiency is known for the four Ds: dermatitis, dementia, diarrhea, and death? a. thiamin b. niacin c. biotin d. folic acid

b. niacin

Supplement of which nutrient may be effective for treating AI thyroiditis and dyslipidemia? a. folic acid b. iodine c. selenium d. zinc

c. selenium May improve T4 to T3 conversion. Antioxidant to support glutathione production.

DNA and RNA are nucleic acids formed from nucleotides. Nucleotides are comprised of which of the following? a. nitrogenous core+a pentose sugar+phosphate b. a pyrimidine or purine+ribose or deoxyribose+oxygen c. nitrogenous core+hexose+phosphate d. a pyrimidine or purine+ribose or deoxyribose+oxygen

a. nitrogenous core+pentose sugar+phosphate

``` An individual with hereditary hemochromatosis is typically advised to do all of the following EXCEPT: a. avoid supplemental iron b. avoid alcohol c. supplement with high doses of zinc d. regular phlebotomy ```

c. supplement with high doses of zinc

What might cause symptoms of blurred vision, nausea and vertigo? a. Vitamin A deficiency b. Vitamin A toxicity c. Vitamin D deficiency d. Vitamin D toxicity

b. Vitamin A toxicity

In the enzyme methionine synthase, vitamin B12 acts by accepting a _____ group from _____ and donating this group to _____ to form methionine. a. carbon, methionine, folate b. methyl, 5-methyltetrahydrofolate, homocysteine c. methyl, formiminoglutamic acid, succinyl-CoA d. carbon, serine, glycine

b. methyl, 5-methyltetrahydrofolate, homocysteine

Cuproenzymes are involved in which of the following reactions/processes? a. energy production b. iron metabolism c. antioxidant function d. all of the above

d. all of the above

All of the following promote the absorption of non-heme iron except: a. fiber b. Vitamin C c. tricarboxylic acids d. amino acids

a. fiber

How much daily Vitamin C should regular cigarette smokers consumer? a. 100 mg b. 125 mg c. 250 mg d. 500 mg

b. 125 mg

Pellagra symptoms may appear during B6 deficiency, because this vitamin is required in the process of obtaining niacin from tryptophan. True or False

True

When the diet is adequate in protein, the body can synthesize niacin from which amino acid? a. phenylalanine b. valine c. tyrosine d. tryptophan

d. tryptophan

A client presenting with loss of appetite, alopecia, dermatitis, anorexia nervosa, or hyperkeratinization is most likely deficiency in which nutrient? a. iron b. magnesium c. calcium d. zinc

d. zinc

What is another name for CoQ10?

ubiquinone

Unrefined grains, nuts, beans, seafood and chocolate are all rich in _______. a. calcium b. magnesium c. phosphorous d. all of the above

b. magnesium

What is the normal pH range of PCO2 (partial pressure of carbon dioxide)? a. 30-40 mmHg b. 35-45 mmHg c. 45-50 mmHg d. 50-55 mmHg

b. 35-45 mmHg Remember that the numbers align with blood pH (7.35-7.45) and for PCO2=35-45 mmHg

The following is an appropriate physiologic response to a fall in extracellular fluid (ECF) calcium. a. A rise in parathyroid hormone (PTH) and a fall in 1,25-OH-D. b. A fall in parathyroid hormone (PTH) and a rise in 1,25-OH-D. c. A rise in parathyroid hormone (PTH) and a rise in 1,25-OH-D. d. A fall in parathyroid hormone (PTH) and a fall in 1,25-OH-D. e. A rise in parathyroid hormone (PTH) and a rise in 1,25-OH-D.

c, A rise in parathyroid hormone (PTH) and a rise in 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D.

___________ from nuts, seeds and grains is approximately 50% less absorbable than from other sources. a. calcium b. magnesium c. phosphorous

c. phosphorous

A client comes to see you and is suffering from migraines, insomnia and anxiety. Which mineral(s) may they benefit from supplementing (and/or increasing in the diet) ? a. calcium b. magnesium c. phosphorous d. all of the above

b. magnesium

The following condition can result from choline deficiency: a. Parkinson's disease b. NAFLD c. gout d. end-stage renal disease

b. NAFLD Choline defiency contributes towards fat build up in the liver. It can cause muscle damage, liver damage, and NAFLD.

Anthracycline medications (e.g. doxorubicin) and anticonvulsant medications (e.g. valproic acid) inhibit the synthesis of which substance: a. CoQ10 b. glutathione c. glycine d. dopamine

a. CoQ10

Which of the following minerals enhances the response of insulin receptors? a. zinc b. chromium c. selenium d. vanadium

b. chromium

How much does intracellular fluid (ICF) account for in total body water content? a. 1/4 b. 1/3 c. 2/3 d. 3/4

c. 2/3

Your client has a disease known as Beriberi. Which of the following foods should he limit? a. green tea, black tea, shellfish b. yeast, salmon, pork c. citrus fruits d. almonds and spinach

a. green tea, black tea, shellfish These are thiaminases (and polyphenols) that inhibit absorption of thiamin/Vitamin B1

Ascorbic acid can reduce the oxidized form of vitamin E. Choose the phrase that describes this. a. Ascorbic acid reduces the tocopheroxy radical to the quinone form; ascorbic acid is oxidized to dehydroascorbic acid b. Ascorbic acid reduces the hydroquinone form to the quinone form; ascorbic acid is reduced to semi-dehydroascorbic acid. c. Ascorbic acid reduces the tochopheroxy radical to the tocopherol form; ascorbic acid is oxidized to semi-dehydroascorbate.

c. Ascorbic acid reduces the tochopheroxy radical to the tocopherol form; ascorbic acid is oxidized to semi-dehydroascorbate.

Match these: 1. thiamin diphosphate (TPP) 2. flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) 3. nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide(NAD) 4. biotin 5. pyridoxal phosphate a. alanine aminotransferase; impt in a.a. transaminations for facilitating protein synthesis b. pyruvate dehydrogenase; impt for decarboxylations in carbohydrate catabolism c. glutathione reductase; impt for RBC antioxidant integrity & a sensitive measure of riboflavin nutriture d. aldehyde dehydrogenase; impt for catabolism of vitB6 (pyridoxal to pyridoxic acid) e. acetyl-CoA carboxylase; impt to form malonyl-CoA and commit acetyl-CoA to FA synthesis

1. TPP - b. pyruvate dehydrogenase 2. FAD - c. glutathione reductase 3. NAD - d. aldehyde dehydrogenase 4. Biotin - e. acetyl-CoA carboxylase 5. pyridoxal phosphate - a. alanine aminotransferase

``` Vitamin C enhances the absorption of _________ and inhibits the absorption of _________ . a. Zinc, copper b. Iron, zinc c. Copper, zinc d. Iron, copper ```

d. Iron, copper

What is the most tightly regulated ion in the extracellular fluid? a. magnesium b. calcium c. sodium d. chloride

b. calcium

Which nutrients are need as a co-factor in convertin dopamine to norepinephrine? a. Vitamin C and copper b. Vitamin C and zinc c. Copper and magnesium d. Magnesium and SAM

a. Vitamin C and copper

Oxalates are found in all of the following except: a. chard b. beet greens c. kale d. spinach

c. kale

Daily supplementation with multivitamins should be approached cautiously with which of the following populations: a. alcoholics b. individuals with Down syndrome c. elderly individuals d. smokers

d. smokers Smokers/former smokers should avoid MVM products with large amts of beta-carotene or VitA because some studies have linked these nutrients to an increased risk of lung cancer in smokers.

A major role for thiamin is: a. energy transformation b. blood coagulation c. collagen formation d. erythrocyte synthesis

a. energy transformation.

Is blood normally basic or acidic? a. basic b. acidic c. neutral

a. basic Blood is normally slightly basic, with a normal pH range of about 7.35 to 7.45. Usually the body maintains the pH of blood close to 7.40.

The reason we use equivalents when discussing the RDA for some vitamins is that there are different forms of the vitamin that, by weight, are not equal in terms of vitamin activity—this is due to differences in absorption and/or metabolism. True or False

True

High circulating levels of homocysteine (i.e., hyperhomocysteinemia) have been implicated in a number of pathologies including cardiovascular disease. True or False

True

What is another name for sideroblastic anemia? Why does this anemia occur?

Another name for sideroblastic anemia is pyridoxine-responsive anemia. Occurs when low B6 leads to reduced synthesis of heme (ringed sideroblasts create immature RBC cells due to a defect in protoporphyrin synthesis pathway)

PLP functions as a coenzyme for _____ when alanine enters the liver. Alanine becomes its α-keto acid, _____. a. transamination, pyruvic acid b. transamination, α-ketoglutaric acid c. transmethylation, histidine d. desulfation, methioninie

a. transamination, pyruvic acid

Which vitamin can lead to a fishy body odor if consumed to toxic levels? a. folate b. choline c. biotin d. Vitamin B6

b. choline ``` Choline toxicity: -fishy body odor -excessive salivation -excessive perspiration vomiting. ```

Folate in foods can only be absorbed in the monoglutamate form; therefore, digestive enzymes called _____ are important for folate nutriture. a. hydrolases b. lipases c. conjugases d. legumes

c. conjugases

Erythrocyte transketolase activity is an assay to assess the status of: a. thiamin b. B6 c. riboflavin d. B12.

a. thiamin

Which of the following vitamins can gut microbiota synthesize? a. Vitamin K b. Biotin c. Vitamin A d. A and B only e. all of the above

d. A and B only

Vitamin D helps our bodies to absorb: a. Vitamin A b. Phosphorous c. Calcium d. Vitamin K

c. Calcium Vitamin D is essential for the body to absorb calcium from foods. Without adequate vitamin D levels, the body takes calcium from the bones, weakening them and preventing new bone from being formed. Calcium is critical for many body processes, including proper function of the heart, nerves, and muscles as well as blood clotting.

When plasma calcium concentrations are low, what homeostatic regulatory process takes place to raise calcium levels in the blood? a. urinary excretion of magnesium decreases b. osteoclasts are activated to release calcium from the bone c. calcium absorption in the small intestine decreases d. all of the above

b. osteoclasts are activated to release calcium from the bone The answers do not include a. or c. because: Urinary excretion of CALCIUM (not Mg) decreases. Calcium absorption in the small intestine increases (not decreases)

Long-term supplementation with the supplement alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) can increase excretion of which of the following minerals (prompting the recommendation of its daily supplementation)? a. copper b. iron c. zinc d. Vitamin A

a. copper

If the pH level of a substance is at an 11.0, is the substance: a. basic? b. acidic? c. neutral?

a. basic?

Folic acid fortification has _____. a. not caused the decrease in NTDs that was expected b. had no effect on the number of NTDs in this country c. caused a greater decrease in NTDs than was expected d. reduced the number of various NTDs by 11% to 50% in different studies

d. reduced the number of various NTDs by 11% to 50% in different studies

All of the following play a key role in regulating water balance except: a. adrenal cortex b. vasopressin c. Na+/K+ ATPase pump d. DNA methylation

d. DNA methylation

The anti-coagulent, heparin, interferes with the activation of which nutrient, which is involved in osteoblast function? a. calcium b. vitamin D c. vitamin K d. magnesium

b. vitamin D

The Tolerable Upper Limit (TUL) for Vitamin A for adults is _________ ug daily and for infants and toddlers is _________ ug daily. a. 3000, 500 b. 3000, 600 c. 3500, 500 d. 4000, 500

b. 3000, 600 Vitamin A TUL for adults: 3000 ug/d Vitamin A TUL for infants and children ages 1-3yo: 600 ug/d

On the pH scale, a pH of ______ is neutral. a. 4.0 b. 5.0 c. 6.0 d. 7.0

d. 7.0

Which of the following functions is related to calcium? a. nerve transmission and muscle contraction b. maintaining fluid balance c. ATP production d. impt for production of HCl

a. nerve transmission and muscle contraction Also: - supports bones and teeth (structure of) - plays a key role in blood clotting

Antiotensin-convertizing enzymes (ACE) inhibitors can result in all of the following except: a. increase the excretion of sodium b. inhibit the absorption of iron c. inhibit the excretion of potassium d. increase urinary zinc excretion

a. increase the excretion of sodium

Which carotenoid exhibits the greatest amount of provitamin A activity? a. alpha-carotene b. beta-carotene c. lutein d. lycopene

b. beta-carotene

Rickets is a bone disorder that occurs in infants and children. It can be caused by a deficiency of: a. Vitamin D b. Calcium c. Phosphate. d. A and B only e. All of the above

e. All of the above

``` Which nutrient plays a role in the synthesis of collagen, catacholamines, serotonin, and tryptophan? A. Vitamin D B. Vitamin B6 C. Vitamin B5 D. Vitamin C ```

D. Vitamin C

S-Adenosyl methionine (SAM) supports all of the following enzymatic processes except: a. N-acetylserotonin to melatonin b. Norepinephrine to epinephrine c. L-dopa to dopamine d. Dopamine to Homovanillic acid (HVA)

c. L-dopa to dopamine

In the folate-dependent one-carbon pool, a carbon unit in the methyl form (i.e., 5-methyl THF) is used in the conversion of homocysteine to methionine, whereas a carbon unit in the methylene form (i.e., 5,10-methylene THF) is used in DNA synthesis. True or False

True

What is the normal pH range of blood? a. 7.30-7.40 b. 7.35-7.45 c. 7.45-7.50 d. 7.50-7.55

b. 7.35-7.45

All of the following impair the absorption of non-heme iron except: a. tannins b. oxalates c. sugars d. phosphates

c. sugars

What does RAE stand for? a. Retinol amount equivalent b. Retinol amount eclusion c. Retinol activity equivalent

c. Retinol activity equivalent ``` 1 ug (microgram) of retinol = 1 ug RAE 12 ug (microgram) of beta-carotene = 1 ug RAE 100 IU of retinol = 30 ug RAE 100 IU of beta-carotene = 5 ug RAE ```

b. magnesium

A consequence of thiamin deficiency is: a. pellagra b. megaloblastic anemia c. beriberi d. rickets

c. beriberi

Which vitamin is a co-enzyme for pyruvate decarboxylase? a. niacin b. biotin c. riboflavin d. magnesium

b. biotin

Which microminerals are NOT essential ultratrace minerals? a. Se and Cr b. Fe and Zn c. I and Mo

b. Fe and Zn Ultratrace minerals: Se, Cr, I, Molybdenum (SCIM) Less than 1 mg/d

A good source of vitamin B6 is muscle meats because PLP is predominantly bound to the enzyme _____. a. alanine aminotransferase b. cystathionine synthase c. glycogen phosphorylase d. aspartic aminotransferase

c. glycogen phosphorylase

You take a clinical history and are conducting a nutrition physical exam on a new client and note the following findings: acne, hair thinning and loss, cuts that are slow to heal and decreased taste and smell acuity. Which mineral is most likely to be deficient in this client? a. iron b. copper c. zinc d. magnesium

c. zinc

An individual with epilepsy is taking an anticonvulsant to prevent future seizures. He is seeking help with how best to supplement nutrients (or add to the diet when possible), Which mineral are you most concerned he may be deficient in? a. copper b. iron c. zinc

c. zinc

Which of the following would be NOT considered a acidic substance? a. tomatoes b. vomit c. toothpaste d. wine

c. toothpaste

A genetic polymorphism that decreases the activity of N5,N10 methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase has been identified. This would cause _____. a. an accumulation of 5-methyl THF b. an increase in the homocysteine concentration in the cell c. a decreased risk for megaloblastic anemia d. a decreased risk for heart disease

b. an increase in the homocysteine concentration in the cell

Biotin must be covalently bound to each of four different enzymes in order for them to carry out _____. a. decarboxylations b. oxidation-reduction reactions c. transfer of acetate groups d. carboxylations

d. carboxylations

A possible negative consequence of high dose vitamin D supplementation that needs to be considered is: a. Hyperphosphatemia b. Hypocalcemia c. Hypomagnesemia d. None of the above

a. Hyperphosphatemia

``` What portion of pregnant women worldwide are likely to have insufficient zinc intake? a. less than 30% b. 45-60% c. 65-80% d. more than 80% ```

d. more than 80%

Diuretics can interact with which of the following minerals? a. calcium b. magnesium c. phosphorous d. all of the above

d. all of the above

Which fruit is traditionally eaten by Mexicans to treat digestive disorders and type 2 diabetes (for its hypoglycemic effect)? a. Watermelon b. Papaya c. Starfruit d. Prickly pear

d. Prickly pear

If the pH level of a substance is at a 5.0, is the substance: a. basic? b. acidic? c. neutral?

b. acidic?

``` Bone density usually is at its highest when you are: A. 18 years old B. 25 years old C. 30 years old D. Between 30 and 35 years old ```

D. Between 30 and 35 years old. You can help keep bone loss to a minimum after this age by getting enough calcium and vitamin D. You can also keep your bones strong by exercising and by not smoking and not drinking too much alcohol

Cytochrome c oxidase, a compound in the electron transport chain, requires which of the following mineral(s) to function? a. Copper, zinc b. Zinc, iron c. Iron, copper d. Iron, copper, and zinc

c. Iron, copper

For a pregnant woman, how much daily Vitamin A (RDA) does she need compared to other humans in different life cycles? a. a pregnant woman needs more daily Vitamin A than a non-pregnant adult female and the same amount as a breastfeeding woman. b. a pregnant woman the same amount of daily Vitamin A than a non-pregnant adult female and a breastfeeding woman. c. a pregnant woman needs more daily Vitamin A than a non-pregnant adult female and a breastfeeding woman. d. a pregnant woman needs more daily Vitamin A than an adult female but not as much as a breastfeeding woman.

d. a pregnant woman needs more daily Vitamin A than an adult female but not as much as a breastfeeding woman. Vitamin A RDA for a pregnant woman: 770 ug/d Vitamin A RDA for an adult woman: 700 ug/d Vitamin A RDA for a breastfeeding woman: 1300 ug/

Magnesium is involved in which of the following? a. amino acid activation b. lipid metabolism c. RNA & DNA synthesis d. cell membrane integrity e. all of the above

e. all of the above

___________ from nuts, seeds and grains is approximately 50% less absorbable than from other sources. a. calcium b. magnesium c. phosphorous d. Vitamin D

c. phosphorous

Tooth decay could be an indicator of any of the following except: a. Pellagra b. CVD c. Dysglycemia d. Gluten sensitivity

a. Pellagra The number of missing teeth has been correlated to the degree of underlying infection and cardiovascular risk. Tooth decay has been associated with gluten sensitivity and dysglycemia.

Which vitamins are NOT related to glossitis (inflammation of tongue)? a. niacin and riboflavin b. pyridoxine and iron c. Vitamin B12 and folate d. Vitamin A and C

d. Vitamin A and C

Antibiotic medications prevent the production of which nutrient in the body? a. CoQ10 b. glutathione c. Vitamin K d. Vitamin D

c. Vitamin K

Dietary modifications appropriate for an individual with uncomplicated infectious hepatitis include: a. increase energy intake to more than 3000 kcal daily b. restricting protein intake to less than 30g daily c. restricting fat take to less than 30g daily d. restricting fluid intake to less than 2000ml daily

a. increase energy intake to more than 3000 kcal daily

Elevated homocysteine levels can be due to all the following EXCEPT: a. low ascorbic acid b. low folacin c. low cobalamin d. low pyridoxine

a. low ascorbic acid

Which microminerals are NOT essential trace minerals? a. Mnand Cu b. Fe and Zn c. I and Cr

c. I and Cr Trace minerals: Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn Less than 100 mg/d

Because vitamin B6 is involved in heme synthesis, a deficiency symptom is a. hypochromic, microcytic anemia b. seizures c. hyperhomocysteinemia. d. impaired calcium metabolism

a. hypochromic, microcytic anemia

Which vitamin, when taken excessively, can cause teretogenic birth defects? a. folic acid b. Vitamin E c. Vitamin A d. zinc

c. Vitamin A Also in drugs like Accutant, Roaccurante

``` Calcium is found in which of these foods? A. Broccoli B. Almonds C. Dairy products D. Sardines E. All of the above ```

E. All of the above

Which three vitamins are involved in the synthesis of fatty acids? a. biotin, vitamin D, thiamin b. thiamin, riboflavin, niacin c. niacin, biotin, pantothenic acid d. riboflavin, B12, folate

c. niacin (B3), biotin, pantothenic acid (B5)

The primary role of vitamin C is as a reducing agent, particularly for the mineral component of a number of enzymes that becomes oxidized following catalysis of a reaction. True or False

True

All of the following nutrients are required to support the enzyme, Superoxide dismutase, EXCEPT: a. zinc b. magnesium c. manganese d. copper

b. magnesium

Which of the following best describes the initial priority of nutrition therapy in Type 2 diabetes patients: a. focusing on cutting out sugars and carbohydrates b. focus on eliminating alcohol c. focus on nutritional approaches that will improve the outcomes of blood glucose, lipid profiles, and blood pressure d. focus on ideal body weight

c. focus on nutritional approaches that will improve the outcomes of blood glucose, lipid profiles, and blood pressure

Elevated levels of which mineral are a concern in advanced renal disease? a. calcium b. magnesium c. phosphorous d. Vitamin D

c. phosphorous

To limit nutrient interactions when consuming a zinc-rich meal or supplement, one should: a. limit folate & copper supplementation with the meal b. consumer/supplement iron, copper & Vitamin A with the meal/supplement c. consumer/supplement iron, folate and Vitamin E with the meal/supplement d. limit manganese, iron and calcium supplementation with the meal.

a. limit folate & copper supplementation with the meal

The most common cause of rickets is a deficiency of: a. Vitamin D b. Calcium c. Phosphate. d. None of the above

a. Vitamin D

A deficiency of what vitamin is associated with these symptoms: hallucinations, lethargy, skin rash, alopecia, and muscle pain? a. biotin b. thiamin c. vitamin C d. vitamin B12

a. biotin

What state are you in if blood pH, PCO2, and HCO3- are elevated? a. metabolic acidosis b. metabolic alkalosis c. respiratory acidosis d. respiratory alkalosis

b. metabolic alkalosis

Which form of Vitamin D is found in plant foods? a. Vitamin D2 b. ergocalciferol c. cholecalciferol d. calcitriol e. A and B only

e. A and B only

Which vitamin deficiency is associated with seborrheic dermatitis? a. Vitamin A b. Vitamin B2/riboflavin c. Vitamin B3/niacin d. zinc

b. Vitamin B2/riboflavin | - deficiency condition is Ariboflavinosis

Thiamin is important to fatty acid synthesis due to its requirement as a coenzyme for the pentose phosphate pathway enzyme _____. a. dopamine monooxygenase b. transketolase c. alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase d. phenylalanine hydroxylase

b. transketolase

Vitamin D is crucial in helping our bodies to absorb: a. Vitamin A b. Vitamin E c. Calcium d. Vitamin K

Symptoms of Vitamin A toxicity/Hypervitaminosis A can include: a. blurred vision and double vision b. muscle incoordination c. increased infections d. headache

c. increased infections Vit A toxicity: -intracranial pressure (headache), nausea, vomiting, blurred vision, double vision, dizziness, ab pain, skin desquamation (skin peeling), muscle incoordination

Which vitamin is most involved in amino acid metabolism? a. biotin b. vitamin E c. vitamin A d. vitamin B6

``` d. vitamin B6 Transamination: eg. aspartate to oxaloacetate (AST enzyme), Hcy to cysteine to taurine Also, Niacin to tryptophan 5-HTP to serotonin L-Dopa to dopamine Glutamic acid to GABA ```

Methionine is used to synthesize S-adenosylmethionine (SAM). Why is this important? a. so that 5-methyl THF is formed b. so that dUMP is catalyzed to dTMP c. so that fatty acids with an odd-numbered chain can be metabolized d. so that methyl groups are available

d. so that methyl groups are available

All of the following are other terms associated with Vitamin A, except for: a. alpha-tocopherol b. pre-formed A c. retinol d. beta-carotene

a. alpha-tocopherol Notes: Provitamin A is a plant carotenoid, converted in the body to retinol Pre-formed Vitamin A is the active form of VitA, in animal foods

What is the pH scale range? a. 0 to 10 b. 0 to 14 c. 0 to 20 d. -5 to 15 e. none of the above

b. 0 to 14 The pH scale, ranges from 0 (strongly acidic) to 14 (strongly basic or alkaline). A pH of 7.0, in the middle of this scale, is neutral.

What nutrient issues could occur with angular stomatitis or cheilitis? a. deficiency of riboflavin and/or niacin b. toxicity of Vitamin A c. deficiency of iron, Vitamin B12 or folate d. only A and B e. all of the above

e. all of the above

What nutrient deficiency can increase blood pressure and cholesterol levels? a. copper b. Vitamin B12 c. folate d. boron

a. copper

Toxicity of which mineral(s) occurs with malignancy or hyperparathyroidism? a. calcium b. magnesium c. phosphorous d. all of the above

a. calcium

``` A deficiency in vitamin D could be expected to result in deficiencies of which of the following mineral(s)? a. calcium b. magnesium c. phosphorous d. all of the above ```

d. all of the above

What conditions may lead to magnesium deficiency? a. acute & chronic diarrhea b. diabetes mellitus c. chronic alcoholism d. all of the above

d. all of the above

Which enzyme does Vitamin E inhibit, which promotes the differentiation of smooth muscle cells, and thus is associated with reduced damage to endothelial cells caused by blood-cell component adhesion? a. Pyruvate dehydrogenase b. Tyrosine kinase c. Arginineosuccinate synthase d. Protein kinase C

d. Protein kinase C

Which nutrient is involved in the synthesis of carnitine? a. VitC b. Se c. Zn D. VitD

a. VitC VitC is involved in the synthesis of carnitine, which transports LCFA into the mitochondria for energy production.

``` Abnormal storage of __________ can produce Kayser-Fleischer rings in the eyes. a. copper b. iron c. zinc d. Vitamin A ```

a. copper

Which of the following reflects long-term folate status? a. serum folate b. red blood cell folate c. homocysteine concentration in blood d. serum methylmalonic acid

b. red blood cell folate

All of the following are found in hydroxyapatite EXCEPT: a. magnesium b. calcium c. phosphorous d. oxygen

a. magnesium

All of the following can interfere with the absorption of iron except: a. cadmium and lead b. magnesium c. antacids d. folate

d. folate

An inborn error of metabolism may result from: a. polyploidy b. DNA replication errors c. congential malnutrition d. neonatal infection

b. DNA replication errors

Tetrahydrofolate is vitally important for dividing cells during growth and cancer and knowledge of this need is used in cancer treatment by giving the drug methotrexate to inhibit the enzyme _____. a. folylpolyglutamate synthetase b. dihydrofolate reductase c. formimino glutamate d. conjugase

b. dihydrofolate reductase

What is the key drug associated with Vitamin B6 deficiency?

Isoniazid (an anti-TB drug)

Which nutrient supports the conversion of tryptophan to 5-HTP? a. Vitamin C b. Vitamin B6 c. Vitamin B5 d. Iron

d. Iron

Intrinsic factor is required for the majority of absorption of which vitamin? a. C b. B6 c. B12 d. B2

c. B12

What are some nutritional reasons that neuropathy occurs? a. low Vitamin B6/pyroxidine b. low Vitamin B12/cobalamine c. high alcohol intake d. none of the above e. all of the above

e. all of the above

We store macronutrients in the body and which statement below does not accurately reflect this? a. glucose is stored as glycogen in muscle and the liver (480g for 70kg male) b. protein is stored in the muscle (6,000g for 70kg male) c. lipids are stored in adipose tissue (12,000g for 70kg male) d. all of the above are correct

d. all of the above are correct

The most common tests of thiamin status include all the following EXCEPT: a. static tests of urinary thiamin metabolites b. a static test of serum thiamin c. an in vitro functional test of RBC enzyme d. in vivo functional tests

d. in vivo functional tests

Synthesis of coenzyme A starts with the phosphorylation of which vitamin? a. pyridoxal phosphate b. pantothenic acid c. vitamin E d. folic acid

b. pantothenic acid

A factor that does not predispose an infant to iron deficiency is: a. consumption of large amounts of homogenized milk b. premature birth c. hemorrhage from the umbilicus during delivery d. slow growth rate

d. slow growth rate

Which of the following would be NOT considered a basic substance? a. ammonia cleaner b. eggs c. chlorine bleach d. sweat

d. sweat

One outcome of calcium deficiency can be tetany. Tetany is characterized by: a. seizures and muscle cramps b. muscle pain & paresthesia c. convulsions d. A and B only e. all of the above

e. all of the above

Which of the water-soluble vitamins is found widely distributed in all plant and animal foods, which makes a deficiency unlikely? a. riboflavin b. folic acid c. pantothenic acid d. pyridoxine

c. pantothenic acid

5-methyl THF requires the action of which vitamin in order to form THF? a. B12 b. B2 c. niacin d. C

a. B12

Zinc carnosine supplementation contributes to the reduction of the incidence of: a. obesity b. insulin resistance c. GERD d. skeletal muscle weakness

d. skeletal muscle weakness

The only test that will differentiate between a folic acid and cobalamin deficiency is the determination of the urinary metabolite _____, which is due to a lack of the coenzyme _____.

methylmalonic acid, 5’ deoxyadenosyl cobalamin

Dumping syndrome is accompanied by symptoms of: a. faintness, weakness, and profuse perspiration b. acute gastritis c. peptic ulcer disease d. intestinal malabsorption

a. faintness, weakness, and profuse perspiration

What "zinc-related conditions" do people with alcoholic cirrhosis often have? a. hyperzincuria & hyperzincemia b. hyperzincuria & hypozincemia c. hypozincuria & hypozincemia d. high levels of zinc concentrations in the liver

b. hyperzincuria & hypozincemia Hyperzincuria: excess Zn in the urine Hypozincemia: low levels of Zn in the body As well, those with alcoholic cirrhosis would have low levels of zinc concentrations in the liver

Which of the following is NOT a pancreatic zymogen? a. proelastase b. carboxypeptidase A c. procolipase d. chymotrypsinogen

b. carboxypeptidase A Carboxypeptidase A is an endopeptidase/proteolytic peptidase (not a zymogen). The zymogen (precursor), procarboxypeptidase A, is converted into carboxypeptidase A.

Wheat bran cereal enriched with riboflavin provides what % of the Daily Value of riboflavin? a. 20% b. 25% c. 30% d. 50%

b. 25%

Hemolytic anemia is often an indicator of which nutritional deficiency? a. Vitamin C b. Vitamin E c. Vitamin B12 d. Vitamin D

b. Vitamin E Hemolytic anemia involves defects in the RBC cell membranes that lead to oxidative damage & the eventual breakdown of the cell. VitE is an antioxidant that helps to protect the cells' membranes.

The active form of a vitamin is usually the form that has the greatest bioavailability. True or False

False

When renal function is impaired, the most important nutrient to assess and monitor is: a. calcium b. bicarbonate c. sodium d. potassium

d. potassium Hemodialysis helps control hyperkalemia.

``` Which of the following demographic/diet/disorder is/are associated with an increased risk of zinc deficiency? a. older adults b. those with an eating disorder c. vegans d. all of the above ```

d. all of the above

The normal digestion and absorption of cobalamin requires adequate protein digestion in the stomach; the presence of 2 nonenzymatic proteins: _____; and a receptor located in the _____. a. R binders and hydrochloric acid, colon b. pepsin and hydrochloric acid, ileum c. R protein and intrinsic factor, ileum d. R protein and intrinsic factor, duodenum

c. R protein and intrinsic factor, ileum

Symptoms of Vitamin A deficiency can include: a. anorexia and retarded growth b. skin desquamation (skin peeling) c. xerophthalamia (dry eyes) and Bitot's spots d. obstructed keratin cells

b. skin desquamation (skin peeling) Vit A deficiency: -anorexia, retarded growth, increased infections, night blindness, xerophthalamia (dry eyes), Bitot's spots, obstructed or enlarged keratin cells (keratinzation of cells)

Riboflavin coenzymes remain bound to their enzymes during the oxidation-reduction reactions and the complexes are called _____. a. apoenzymes b. flavokinases c. bound enzymes d. flavoproteins

d. flavoproteins

What is the criteria for a genetic difference to be called a “polymorphism”? a. It has to be lethal within 6 months of life. b. It causes a miscarriage 50% of the time. c. More men than women have the genetic difference. d. More than 1% of the population has the variation

d. More than 1% of the population has the variation

Which is NOT a fate of homocysteine in the cell? a. methylated to methionine b. used to restore tetrahydrofolate c. used to synthesize cysteine d. used in the synthesis of leucine

d. used in the synthesis of leucine

The effects of having rickets include all of the following except? a. deformities of the wrists, ankles, knees, spine, and pelvis b. stunted growth c. bowed legs d. renal failure

d. renal failure

Folate is vitally important for dividing cells during growth and cancer because of its essential role in the synthesis of _____. a. lipid bilayers b. mitochondria c. lysosomes and peroxisomes d. purines and pyrimidines

d. purines and pyrimidines

What amount of SUPPLEMENTAL folic acid is recommended daily for women of childbearing age in the United States? a. 200 ug DFE b. 400 ug DFE c. 600 ug DFE d. 800 ug DFE

b. 400 ug DFE

Calcium may be helpful in preventing which of the following condition(s): a. pregnancy-induced hypertension b. lead toxicity c. osteoporosis d. all of the above

d. all of the above

Vitamin B12 is absorbed in the _____. a. duodenum b. jejunum c. ileum d. colon

c. ileum

Which vitamin has a reduced coenzyme form important for fatty acid and cholesterol synthesis that is a product of the pentose phosphate pathway? a. niacin b. thiamin c. riboflavin d. vitamin C

a. niacin (as NADPH)

``` The RDA (of iron) for vegetarians is ________________ higher than the requirement for omnivores. a. 1.0 b. 1.5 c. 1.8 3. 2.0 ```

c. 1.8

What is the dietary protocol for people with Maple Syrup Urine Disease (MSUD)? a. limit protein-containing foods b. limit high-sugar foods c. intake contains only branch-chain amino acids d. increase protein to ensure adequate absorption

a. limit protein-containing foods

Which of the following nutrients do not have TULs? a. B1/thiamin b. B2/riboflavin c. B5/ pantothenic acid d. B12/cobalamin e. Vitamin K f. all of the above

f. all of the above

Circulating concentrations of a vitamin typically reflect diet, whereas intracellular (e.g., RBCs, leukocytes) concentrations reflect body pools. True or False

True

Which pair of nutrients interact with dietary nitrites to prevent their conversion to mutagenic nitrosamines? a. Vitamin D and Vitamin K b. Vitamin C and Vitamin E c. Vitamin C and Vitamin A d. Vitamin B12 and Vitamin B6

b. Vitamin C and Vitamin E

How do we know that folate fortification has improved the biochemical folate status of Americans? a. more folate is being consumed b. Americans are more aware of folate’s importance c. there is a decline in neural tube defects (NTDs) d. RBC folate levels have increased

c. there is a decline in neural tube defects (NTDs)

Which of the following vitamins can lead to hypercalcemia if consumed to toxic levels? a. Vitamin D b. Magnesium c. Choline d. Folate

a. Vitamin Dt

Antacids inhibit the absorption of all of the following except: a. minerals including zinc, iron and calcium b. folate and vitamin B12 c. Vitamin C D. Vitamin D

c. Vitamin C

Which of the following comprises extracellular fluid (ECF): a. H20 b. CO2 c. dissolved substances in plasma & lymph d. A and C only e. all of the above

d. A and C only

You are working with a client to improve their zinc status and are recommending some foods high in zinc. Of the following sources, which is the most rich and bioavailable form? a. chicken b. beef c. oysters d. cashews

c. oysters

Urinary excretion of xanthurenic acid may be an indication of niacin deficiency. True or False

False Urinary excretion of xanthurenic acid may indicate a B6 deficiency.

Large amounts of folic acid can mask a vitamin B12 deficiency and prevent _____ from resulting. Over time the symptoms unique to a vitamin B12 deficiency will occur, and these are related to the _____. a. microcytic anemia, muscular system b. DNA and RNA synthesis, vascular system c. one-carbon transfer, nervous system d. macrocytic anemia, nervous system

d. macrocytic anemia, nervous system

Microcytic hypochromic anemia may result from a deficiency of the vitamin _____ because its coenzyme is involved in the synthesis of _____. a. folate; heme b. pyroxidine/B6; heme c. pantothenic acid/B5; heme d. cobalamin; intrinsic factor

b. pyroxidine/B6; heme

Which of the following are biologically inactive precursors of vitamin D? a. cholecalciferol b. ergocalciferol c. previtamin D3 d. A and B only e. all of the above

e. all of the above

In nutrition assessment, what should be considered/assessed? a. dietary intake b. nutrition-associated factors c. psycho-social, functional, and behavioral factors d. change factors (knowledge or, preparation of and ability to change) e. all of the above

e. all of the above

Enriched foods often have which vitamins added?

``` B1/thiamin B2/riboflavin B3/niacin Iron Folic acid "3-BIF naked" ```

Which of the water-soluble vitamins is able to be stored and retained in the body for long periods of time? a. folic acid b. niacin c. thiamin d. B12

d. B12

What are the potential causes of hypophosphatemia? a. diabetic ketoacidosis b. cachexia c. anorexia d. alcoholism e. all of the above

e. all of the above

``` Constipation can occur with a deficiency of ______________________ or a toxicity of ___________________. a. phosphorous, magnesium b. magnesium, calcium c. calcium, magnesium d. phosphorous, calcium ```

b. magnesium, calcium

Pernicious anemia can be due to folate or B12 deficiency. | True or False

False

The synthesis of nucleic acids requires which of the following minerals? a. phosphorous & magnesium b. calcium and magnesium c. phosphorous and calcium

a. phosphorous & magnesium

An increase in blood pyruvate and lactate levels may be due to a deficiency of riboflavin. True or False

False

Vitamin B6 functions importantly in all of the following EXCEPT _____. a. transamination of amino acids b. synthesis of fatty acids c. synthesis of niacin d. glycogen breakdown

b. synthesis of fatty acids

Which of the following vitamins has a Tolerable Upper Intake Level established? a. thiamin b. riboflavin c. vitamin B6 d. vitamin B12

c. vitamin B6

Which of the following would you find under B12-deficient conditions and the methyl trap hypothesis? a. accumulation of 5-methylene THF b. depletion of homocysteine c. accumulation of THF d. accumulation of 5-methyl THF e. more than one of the above

d. accumulation of 5-methyl TH

Which of the following vitamin deficiencies are associated with impaired wound healing? a. Vitamin C b. Vitamin A, E and K c. Zinc and copper d. All of the above

d. All of the above

Micronutrients Flashcards

Questions pertaining to vitamins, minerals, water, (206 cards)