Micronutrients involved in Bones and Blood Flashcards

Question

Phosphorus (food source)

Answer 1

- Milk - Meat - Beans - Grains

Answer 2

Toxicity: -Concern if pre-existing kidney disease Kidney excrete it Deficiency: -Rare- most people easily meet their needs

Answer 3

- Soda contains phosphoric acid * Sharp tart flavor * Slows growth of mold and bacteria - Theories (why soda is detrimental to bone health) * Acid leaches calcium from the bones * Caffeine causes calcium depletion in urine- younger people compensate with increased absorption, elderly with high intake do not - Probable Cause: Soda – Milk displacement effect

Answer 4

Functions: - Enhances tooth mineralization * Fluoride + calcium + phosphorus → fluorohydroxyapatite - Inhibits acid producing bacteria - Stimulates new bone growth- Tx for osteoporosis?

Answer 5

Sources: - Fluoridated water - Fluoride-containing toothpaste/mouthwash Deficiency: -Dental caries Toxicity: -Fluorosis: white to dark stains

Answer 6

- Major mineral - Functions: * Makes up bone structure & regulates formation of bone crystals * Cofactor for >300 enzymes * DNA and protein synthesis and repair * Supports vitamin D metabolism, muscle contraction & blood clotting

Answer 7

- Green leafy vegetables - Whole grains - Seeds, nuts - Seafood - Beans - Some dairy

Answer 8

Toxicity: - No disease - Symptoms are diarrhea, nausea, cramping Deficiency: - Cramps, spasms, seizures, nausea, weakness - Associated w/ osteoporosis, heart disease, high blood pressure, type 2 diabetes

Answer 9

Functions: - Fat soluble vitamin responsible for the production of proteins for * Blood clotting * Bones- high K, low fractures

Answer 10

- Found in green leafy vegetables: kale, spinach, collard greens, turnip grns - Made in the gut

Answer 11

Deficiency: -Rare, but fatal resulting in severe bleeding Risk of Deficiency: -Diseases with fat malabsorption (GI diseases) Newborns: in US receive vitamin K (no stores, bacteria) -Toxicity : none

Answer 12

-Blood transports to the cells all the components necessary for life! -Removes waste generated from metabolism. Iron, Zinc, Copper, Vitamin K, Folate, Vitamin B12

Answer 13

Major functions: - Oxygen transport, part of * Hemoglobin: Transports oxygen to cells * Myoglobin: Transports and stores oxygen with in muscles - Plays several roles in energy metabolism (part of proteins in TCA & ETC)

Answer 14

-Iron homeostasis is important *Insufficient = anemia *Excess iron = oxidative and can damage tissues -Iron homeostasis is maintained by means of regulating *Absorption: absorb more in times of need *Storage: stored in enterocyte and liver cells for future needs *Excretion: ~largely recycled, recycling provides 20x more iron to the body than the diet ~lost via GI cell turn-over, blood loss

Answer 15

- ↑ absorption in times of deficiency:normal 14% abs. ↑ to 40% - ↓intake , ↑absorption - Amount of stomach acid → ferrous Fe2+ (who is at risk?) - Heme (Fe2+) vs non-heme sources - Presence of dietary factors with non-heme * Enhance: Vitamin C, meat protein factor (MPF) * Inhibit: phytates, polyphenols (oregano, tea, coffee, red wine), vegetable proteins (soy), fiber and calcium * RDA assumes 18% absorption, but vegetarian ~10% thus higher RDA

Answer 16

RDA - 8 mg/day for men 19- >70 (14 mg/day for vegetarians) - 18 mg/day for women 19-50, (32 mg/day for vegetarians) - 27 mg/day for pregnant women - 9 mg/day for lactating - Higher in 14-18 y.o. too Why is the RDA so varied? - Vegetarians: poor absorption - Women: menstruation - Pregnancy: increased BV, fetal needs - Lactating: lack of menstruation

Answer 17

Iron is found in animal & plant sources - Heme * Found in animal protein as part of hemoglobin & myoglobin * more absorbable form - Non-heme * Found in plants & animals: legumes, whole grains, some vegetables * Iron skillets: tomato sauce glass pan 0.6 vs iron pan 5.7 mg * acid enhances absorption

Answer 18

-Accidental overdose (acute) *Most common cause of poisoning deaths in children *Damage intestinal lining, changes in pH, liver failure -Iron overload (chronic) *Over consumption of supplements/food ~Prooxidative: damage LDL, insulin resistance & cancer ~UL 45 mg/day from all sources

Answer 19

- #1 micronutrient deficiency worldwide: ~80% of the World’s population have low stores, 30% anemic * Considered 1 of the top 10 greatest health risks worldwide - Anemia: ↓ oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood * reduced ability to produce energy * body can’t make RBC * tired, poor performance --> income, communities, nations * impaired immune function--> increased healthcare $ * Children: premature birth, LBW, infections, premature death, impaired mental and physical development, behavioral problems

Answer 20

- Causes: poor intake, poor absorption, increased needs, increased blood loss - At risk groups * Low income, vegetarians, toddlers, women, pregnant women, adolescents (boys & girls), elderly, athletes * 25% of adolescent girls & women consume RDA - Interventions * Animal flesh at each meal, cast-iron pans, vitamin C w/meals * Avoid iron-rich foods with milk, zinc or calcium supplements * Anemia= supplemental doses to reverse

Answer 21

Highlight functions: - Red blood cell synthesis - Cell division & neural tube formation Deficiency: - Anemia - Neural tube defects(spine bifia): increased RDA for pregnancy * Grain supply is fortified to prevent Sources: - Folate food sources: fortified grains, green leafy vegetables (foliage) - Folic acid: supplements & fortification, more bioavailable

Answer 22

Toxicity from supplements: -Two studies have found folate supplements (with other b-vitamins) in people that have had a heart attack, can increase the risk of death

Answer 23

Highlight function: RBC synthesis, neurological function Sources: animal foods, meat more than milk, fortified foods Storage: humans have ~3-6 yr storage if completely removed from the diet, longer if some consumed Absorption: HCL & intrinsic factor are needed Deficiency: Macrocytic anemia, reduced cognition/dementia At risk groups: vegans & lacto-ovo veg, elderly w/ atrophic gastritis & ↓ IF production ; 1.5-15% general pop deficient, higher in at risk groups Management: >50 y.o. obtain mostly from fortified foods or supplements; injections

Answer 24

-Trace mineral found in muscles & bone -No storage sites in the body -Functions *Maintains protein structure with zinc fingers ~Allows for protein receptor binding & gene expression *100+ enzymes need zinc to function ~Superoxide dismutase: antioxidant enzyme ~Enzymes for DNA synthesis *Regulates cell signaling & hormone activity *Needed for normal growth & sexual maturation

Answer 25

- Zinc administered within 24 hours of onset of symptoms reduces the duration of common cold symptoms in healthy people. - As the zinc lozenges formulation has been widely studied and there is a significant reduction in the duration of cold at a dose of ≥ 75 mg/day, for those considering using zinc it would be best to use it at this dose throughout the cold. - When using zinc lozenges (not as syrup or tablets) the likely benefit has to be balanced against side effects, notably a bad taste and nausea

Answer 26

RDA: - 11 mg for men - 8 mg for women Food Sources: - Oysters (6 oysters >RDA) - Fortified cereals - Beef, crab - Lentils

Answer 27

Toxicity: - Not from food - ↑↑ supplemental use can: ↓ iron absorption Deficiency: - Rare in US - Growth retardation, delayed sexual maturity, infections

Micronutrients involved in Bones and Blood Flashcards

(51 cards)