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MYCOLOGY > MICROSPORIDIA, GLOMEROMYCETES, ZYGOMYCETES, ASCOMYCETES, AND BASIDIOMYCETES > Flashcards

MICROSPORIDIA, GLOMEROMYCETES, ZYGOMYCETES, ASCOMYCETES, AND BASIDIOMYCETES Flashcards

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1
Q

Microsporidia are believed to be derived from:

A

a reduced chytrid that has become endoparasitic

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2
Q

Microsporidia lack:

A

mitochondria, flagella, peroxisomes, and centrioles

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3
Q

What is a mitosome

A

a degenerate mitochondria that steals it’s ATP

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4
Q

How large is the microsporidia genome compared to Escherichia coli

A

Microsporidia: 2.9 mbp and 2000 genes

E. coli: 4.4 mbp and 4600 genes

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5
Q

Hypertrophic growth, caused by creating massive rhizoid structures within the host cell

A

Xenoma

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6
Q

The Microsporidian that infects honey bees

A

Nosema apis

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7
Q

What happens when a honey bee is infected with Nosema apis

A

it will experience swelling in their gut, followed by the guts evacuating their body and death.

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8
Q

The most common Microsporidian that infects humans

A

Enterocytozoon bieneusi

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9
Q

The most common symptom and the second most common body part affected by microsporidiosis in humans

A

Diarrhea and the eyes

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10
Q

Fungi with a mutualistic relationship with roots

A

Mycorrhiza

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11
Q

Two types of mycorrhiza

A

Endotrophic and Ectotrophic

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12
Q

The tree-like structure of fungus that forms within the root cell

A

Arbuscule

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13
Q

What percentage of roots form endomycorrhizal relationships compared to the number of AM fungi

A

90% of land plants form endomycorrhizal relationships, but most fungi are NOT mycorrhizal

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14
Q

Extramatrical hyphae

A

hyphae that are formed outside of the root; uptake nutrients from the soil

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15
Q

Intramatrical fungi

A

form inside the root; deliver nutrients to the plant and take up carbon from the plant

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16
Q

Chlamydospore

A

thick-walled hyphal cells that function like spores

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17
Q

What is known about the sexual stage for Glomeromycetes

A

No known sexual stage has been seen, but the genes that control meiosis have been found, so it may be present in nature

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18
Q

Procedure to visualize AM fungi

A

treat them with a strong alkali, then staining them with trypan blue

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19
Q

The largest genus of Glomeromycetes

A

Glomus spp.

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20
Q

The formation of arbuscules does not rupture the root cell because:

A

the membrane of the plant cell is moved aside and invaginates the fungus

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21
Q

What is the average lifespan of an arbuscule

A

4 - 25 days

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22
Q

The fungus provides the plant with:

A

Phosphate and other mineral nutrients

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23
Q

The plant provides the fungus with:

A

reduced carbon

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24
Q

When trying to grow Glomeromycetes axenically, the spore :

A

germinates and dies

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25
The number of spores in agricultural soil
86 spores/gram
26
The number of spores in pot culture
300 spores/gram
27
Multicellular structure on which spore-producing structures are borne; has roughly 7 million spores each.
Sporocarp
28
Host specificity in AM fungi
Very little, so AM fungi can be introduced to most plants and stand a chance a mutualism
29
The most commercially viable method of cultivating AM fungi
grinding up already colonized roots
30
Problems with commercialization of AM fungi
No long term storage method, difficult to assess efficacy of AM fungi, no sure way of delivering inoculum
31
Greek for "joining" or "yoke"
Zygos
32
Zygomycetes likely arose from
chytrids
33
Zygomycetes gave rise to:
Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes
34
The fusion of two hyphal branches forms:
Gametangia
35
Homothallic
One type of thallus, very rare
36
Heterothallic
two types of thallus
37
Plasmogamy
wall fusion
38
karyogamy
fusion of the nuclei
39
Mating type
Several specimens with different incomplete pathways for synthesizing trisporic acid. Each specimen is looking for someone to complete their pathway.
40
Sexual phase
Telomorphic phase
41
Asexual phase
anamorphic phase
42
The structure that bears the sexual spores in zygomycetes
Zygosporangium
43
When does a zygosporangium form
When the walls of the hyphae fuse (plasmogamy) and their contents mix
44
Black bread mold; causes mucormycosis in imunocompromised humans and soft rot on fruit
Rhizopus stolonifer
45
The spore-bearing structure where spores are formed via MITOSIS; makes asexual spores.
Mitosporangium
46
Sporangiospore
asexual spore
47
Sporangiophore
spore-bearing structure
48
The telomorphic phase beneficial because
genetic recombination happens here, giving the specimen greater fitness.
49
Example of a zygomycete
Rhizopus stolonifer
50
Greek for leather bottle, bladder, or sac.
Askos
51
Ascospore
A spore produced inside of an ascus. Undergoes meiosis, then mitosis, resulting in 8 spores rather than four.
52
Ascus
the sexual spore-bearing sac, usually contains 8 ascospores
53
The multicellular structure that bears the ascus
Ascoma
54
Where is Ascobolus stercorarius found in nature
on dung
55
What kind of ascoma does Ascobolus stercorarius have
Apothecial
56
A unique nuclear phenomenon where compatible nuclei are brought together following anastamosis, but do not fuse immediately to form a diploid zygote.
Dikaryon
57
ascogenous hyphae
hyphae with dikaryotic nuclei
58
crozier
a hyphal hook; how asci are formed
59
How many spores are typically found in the asci of ascomycetes
Eight; the spores first undergo meiosis, followed by mitosis.
60
Why does the formation of dikaryon confer evolutionary advantage over immediate fusion
Two compatible fungi finding each other is a rare event. Therefore, when it does happen, replication as a dikaryon many times over multiplies the effect of this blessed event.
61
Four types of ascoma
Apothecial, cleistothecial, pseudothecial, perithecial
62
Four major types of asci
Unitunicate-operculate, Unitunicate-inoperuclate, Prototunicate, Bitunicate
63
Genus and species of Morel
Morchella escuelenta
64
Genus and species of black truffle
Tuber melanosporum
65
Hymenium
spore-forming tissue
66
Asexual spores of the ascomycetes
Conidia
67
Conidia are borne on exposed conidiophores, never closed. Ex: Aspergillus
Hyphomycete
68
Conidia are formed in an enclosed conidiomata. Ex: Cryphonectria parasitica
Coelomycetes
69
Two major types of blastic conidia
Blastic annellidic (little rings) and Blastic Phialidic (bowling pins)
70
Two major types of thallic conidia
Thallic artric (jointed) and Thallic solitary
71
"Fungi imperfecti"; fungi for which sexual reproduction has not been observed
Deuteromycetes
72
Three examples of Ascomycetes:
Ascobolus, Aspergillus, and Penicillium
73
Latin for "basis"
Basidia
74
Ascomycete and Basidiomycete similarities
Chitinous walls, hyphae, septa, septal pore, form anastamoses, form dikaryon
75
Ascomycete septal pore
has a woronin body to plug the pore if the hyphae is damaged
76
Basidiomycete septal pore
Barrel-shaped dolipore covered on both sides with a membranous cap called a parenthesome
77
Why can't nuclei migrate through the septal pore in basidiomycetes
because the parenthesome prevents migration
78
The trigger for ascomycetes to undergo karyogamy
the length of the ascogenous hyphae
79
Basidiomycetes can remain dikaryotic for
decades
80
The fruiting body of the fungi
Badidiocarp
81
Shoots basidiospores from exposed hymenia
hymenomycete (Ex: mushrooms, agarics, bracket fungi)
82
Do NOT shoot their basidiospores
Gastromycetes (EX: puffballs, earthballs, earth stars, birds nest fungi, stinkhorns)
83
A protective layer of hyphae that forms around the developing fungal structure
Universal veil
84
An additional protective layer of hyphae that forms from the pileus to the stipe, covering the hymenium
Partial veil
85
Basidium
Where sexual spores are formed in basidiomycetes; arises from the terminal cell of the hymenium.
86
Four tapered, tiny outgrowths that form on the basidium. The spores form on the tips of these.
Sterigmata
87
Where do spores develop in badidiomycetes
Outside, on the tips of the sterigmata
88
Oidia
Arthrodonidia; haploid hyphae which are fragmented and can grow and reproduce asexually
89
Asexual reproduction of basidiomycetes can happen two ways
With oidia or chlamydospores

MYCOLOGY (7 decks)

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