Intro, Fungal Structure, and Chytridiomycetes

Question 1

The seven kingdoms of life

Answer 1

Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Protozoa, Chromista, Eumycota, Plantae, Animalia

Question 2

Characteristic of fungi that distinguishes them from plants

Answer 2

Fungi do not contain chlorophyll

Question 3

Characteristic of fungi that distinguishes them from animals

Answer 3

Fungal cells are typically surrounded by cell walls

Question 4

How do fungi obtain nutrients?

Answer 4

Absorptive nutrition: Digestive enzymes are secreted through the porous hyphal wall and nutrients are absorbed back through the pores.

Question 5

How was Otzi using the fungi found in his belt?

Answer 5

He was using it to treat his parasitic whip worm infection.

Question 6

The genus and species of the fungus used by Otzi

Answer 6

Piptoporous betulinus, a bracket fungus that contains polyporenic acid.

Question 7

Fox Fire

Answer 7

Mentioned by Aristotle, the bioluminescent fruiting bodies of fungi that were used by soldiers to mark their paths at night.

Question 8

Benefits of fungi

Answer 8

They are sources of medicine, aid in food production, and increase disease and drought resistance in plants.

Question 9

Negatives of fungi

Answer 9

The cause of diseases, such as St. Anthony’s fire; are the number one pathogen of plants; are the most common source of food rot.

Question 10

Appressorium

Answer 10

A flattened, hyphal “pressing” organ that is used to puncture the outer layer of the host using turgor pressure.

Question 11

The fungus found on bananas that creates brown spots and facilitates ripening

Answer 11

Colletotrichum musae

Question 12

“Fungus humongous”

Answer 12

Armillaria ostoyae, which is believed to be 8650 years old.

Question 13

Both positive and negative interactions; simply implies a relationship

Answer 13

Symbiosis

Question 14

A relationship where both parties benefit

Answer 14

Mutualism

Question 15

One party benefits, the other sees little or no effect

Answer 15

Commensalism

Question 16

One party benefits, the other is harmed

Answer 16

Parasitism

Question 17

What is fungi’s major job for the planet?

Answer 17

They are the major recyclers for the planet; they spin the carbon cycle

Question 18

How have fungi been used to create a plastic-like material?

Answer 18

Using a 3-D printer, ground up trash and fungus are used to synthesize an object. It is then incubated in a moist chamber until the fungus have digested the trash and replaced it with mycelia. The object is then baked to kill the fungus, drying it down to a lightweight, sturdy material.

Question 19

The 7 official phyla and zygomycetes

Answer 19

Chytridiomycota, Blastocladiomycota, Neocallimastigomycota, Microsporidia, Glomeromycota, Zygomycetes, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota

Question 20

Two phyla containing 90% of all fungi

Answer 20

Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes

Question 21

Phylum characterized by having basidia

Answer 21

Basidiomycetes

Question 22

Phylum characterized by having asci

Answer 22

Ascomycetes

Question 23

Phylum characterized by making zygospores

Answer 23

Zygomycetes

Question 24

Phylum characterized by having arbuscular, endomycorrhizal fungi

Answer 24

Glomeromycetes

Question 25

Phylum characterized by having a single or no flagella

Answer 25

Chytridiomycetes

Question 26

Phylum characterized by containing chytrids with sporic meiosis

Answer 26

Blastocladiomycetes

Question 27

Pylum characterized by having anaerobic, multiflagellated chytrids

Answer 27

Neocallimastigomycetes

Question 28

Phylum characterized by being obligate, intracellular parasites

Answer 28

Microsporidia

Question 29

The body or vegetative structure of a fungus

Answer 29

Thallus

Question 30

A tube with a rigid wall that contains a moving slug of protoplasm and only grows at the tip

Answer 30

Hyphae

Question 31

A mat of hyphae

Answer 31

Mycelium

Question 32

The structure of a mold

Answer 32

A multicellular mass comprised of mycelia

Question 33

What is a yeast?

Answer 33

A single-celled, microscopic fungi

Question 34

The current model of hyphal growth

Answer 34

Actin motor proteins run along microtubule "tracks" to deliver vesicles from the rough ER and golgi to the plasma membrane at the apex, increasing the size of the membrane.

Question 35

The most common ancestor or both fungi and animals

Answer 35

Choanoflagellates

Question 36

The three crown eukaryotes

Answer 36

Animals, Fungi, and Plants

Question 37

Purpose of fungal spores

Answer 37

An efficient mechanism for dispersal for replication

Question 38

Fusion

Answer 38

Anastamosis

Question 39

How do nuclei migrate in hyphal fungi and in what direction do the go?

Answer 39

Nuclei migrate with the help of microtubules and they move towards the hyphal tip.

Question 40

How do fungi create tissue-like structures despite their limitation of growth in one direction?

Answer 40

Through branching and anastamosis

Question 41

When, in a growth curve, are fungus most likely to create spores:

Answer 41

the stationary phase

Question 42

dimorphic

Answer 42

"Two shaped"; many fungi that grow as yeasts have the ability to form true hyphae under the appropriate conditions.

Question 43

What distinguishes a germ tube from true hyphae

Answer 43

Germ tubes have a septum separating them from the mother cell. True hyphae do not have this.

Question 44

What is the major difference between yeast cell walls and hyphal cell walls

Answer 44

Yeast cell walls contain mannan on the outside, which filamentous fungi do not have

Question 45

What is a birth scar on the mother cell

Answer 45

it is the leftover primary septum that is left behind when the daughter cell pops off

Question 46

How do fission yeast divide?

Answer 46

fission yeast are cylindrical and develop their septum in the middle of the cell

Question 47

Most yeast are

Answer 47

ascomycetes

Question 48

Two examples of ascomycete yeasts

Answer 48

Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida albicans

Question 49

Name a yeast that is a basidiomycete

Answer 49

Cyrptococcus neoformans

Question 50

Chytrid rhizoids vs. hyphae

Answer 50

Rhizoids anchor the thallus to the substrate and do not contain nuclei or septa. Hyphae do have nuclei and septa.

Question 51

Three phyla considered "true chytrids":

Answer 51

Chytridiomycetes, Blastocladiomycetes, Neocallimastigomycetes

Question 52

What is the defining characteristic of chytrids that no other fungi have

Answer 52

motile zoospores with a whip-like flagellum at the rear

Question 53

Where are chytridiomycetes found in nature

Answer 53

Moist soils and aquatic environments

Question 54

Three roles of Chytridiomycetes in nature

Answer 54

Decompose particulate organic matter, parasitic of plants and animals, and zoospores are food for zooplankton

Question 55

What are pseudopods

Answer 55

a secondary method of chytrid motility, the crawling is a searching behavior for food or a place to encyst.

Question 56

Chytrid that is parasitic of nematodes

Answer 56

Catenaria anguillulae

Question 57

Purpose of rhizoids in chytridiomycetes

Answer 57

Allow the fungus to attach to a substrate, secrete digestive enzymes, absorb nutrients, and have no nuclei

Question 58

The chytrid that causes wart disease in potatoes

Answer 58

Synchytrium endobioticum

Question 59

zygotic meiosis

Answer 59

identical haploid individuals fuse to form a diploid zygote, which susequently undergoes meiosis

Question 60

What distinguishes the HAPLOID infection in potato wart disease

Answer 60

A "summer spore" is formed, is not readily visible

Question 61

What distinguishes the DIPLOID infection in potato wart disease

Answer 61

A large "resting spore", or wart, is formed

Question 62

The Chytridiomycete that is parasitic to frogs

Answer 62

Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis

Question 63

How does Batrachochytrium cause disease in frogs

Answer 63

the fungus colonizes the keratinized epithelium of frogs, causing a fatal inflammatory response

Question 64

What is the likely reservoir for Batrachochyrium

Answer 64

The larval stage of the amphibian

Question 65

Two examples of Chytridiomycetes

Answer 65

Synchytrium endobioticum and Catenaria anguillulae

Question 66

The phylum of Chytrids that undergoes SPORIC meiosis

Answer 66

Blastocladiomycetes

Question 67

Sporic meiosis

Answer 67

alternation of generations; Male and Female gametangia are formed, then fuse to form the diploid phase.

Question 68

How do male Allomyces find female Allomyces

Answer 68

The females secrete sirenin, which induces the males, who have sirenin receptors, to swim to them.

Question 69

Thick-walled Allomyces sporangia

Answer 69

undergo sporic meiosis, producing haploid zoospores

Question 70

Thin-walled Allomyces sporangia

Answer 70

Produce diploid zoospores that grow into more diploid thallus

Question 71

Example of a Blastocladiomycete

Answer 71

Allomyces arbusculus

Question 72

The defining characteristics of Neocallimastigomycetes

Answer 72

Polyflagellates, anaerobic, have a hydrogenosome to generate ATP

Question 73

Where are Neocallimastigomycetes found

Answer 73

in the stomachs of rumens

Question 74

What is a hydrogenosome

Answer 74

a degenerate mitochondria which generates ATP via fermentation, followed by NADH losing an electron to hydrogenase, converting it to NAD+

Question 75

What is the role of rhizoids in Neocallimastigomycetes

Answer 75

They penetrate plant material in the gut and secrete enzymes that efficiently break down cellulose

Question 76

How are neocallimastigomycetes passed from one animal to another

Answer 76

Through cysts in their feces