Test #2

Question 1

How are chytrid zoospores dispersed

Answer 1

They use their whiplash flagella to swim like sperm

Question 2

Chemotaxis

Answer 2

to ascend a chemical gradient

Question 3

Mucor spore dispersal

Answer 3

Spores are coated in a sticky slime that helps them attach to the fur of small animals who then carry them elsewhere

Question 4

Rhizopus spore dispersal

Answer 4

Spores are spread by the wind

Question 5

Pilobus spore dispersal

Answer 5

Spores are shot out like a water cannon. The sporangium is phototropic and angles itself towards sunlight, building up pressure in the subsporangial vesicle until it shoots off and disperses the spores.

Question 6

Why do Coprophilious fungi need to shoot their spores long distances

Answer 6

They rely on being eaten by animals and most animals do not eat where they shit

Question 7

Operates like a trap-door, shooting spores out

Answer 7

Unitunicate-operculate

Question 8

Operates like a sphincter, squeezing spores out

Answer 8

Unitunicate-inoperculate

Question 9

Operates like a jack-in-the-box

Answer 9

Bitunicate asci

Question 10

A closed ascoma that is dispersed by animal vectors

Answer 10

Cleistothecial and prototunicate

Question 11

How spores in Ophistoma are dispersed

Answer 11

Spores are in a perithecial ascoma that has a long neck full of mucilage that expands when it gets wet and moves up the neck, taking the ascospores with it. The spores are then dispersed by beetles.

Question 12

Basidiospore dispersal

Answer 12

Forcefully shot downwards with a “water catapult”.

Question 13

Why is the umbrella shape of a typical mushroom important

Answer 13

it directs the spores downwards and protects the hymenium from getting saturated with water

Question 14

A mass of dry basidiospores (7 million) inside of a puffball fungus

Answer 14

Gleba

Question 15

Puffball fungus spore dispersal

Answer 15

A raindrop or something else causes the spore to dimple, forcing a small puff of air mixed with spores out of the opening in the top of the structure.

Question 16

The fleshy outer shell of an earthstar

Answer 16

Peridium

Question 17

How earthstar spores are dispersed

Answer 17

by wind and rain

Question 18

The normal spore count per cubic meter

Answer 18

10^6

Question 19

An acute response to high concentrations of fungal spores, found in many harvesters and threshers

Answer 19

Farmer’s lung

Question 20

The fungus commonly referred to as “black mold”

Answer 20

Stachybotrys chartarum

Question 21

What percentage of crops fail to yield due to fungal disease

Answer 21

12.5%

Question 22

Three parameters that dictate the likelihood of an infection

Answer 22

The presence of a susceptible host, a favorable environment, and the presence of a pathogen

Question 23

Derive energy from living cells and do not kill their plant rapidly

Answer 23

Biotrophs

Question 24

Derive energy from killed cells; invade and kill the plant rapidly, then live on the remains

Answer 24

Necrotrophs

Question 25

Initial period of biotrophy, followed by necrotrophy

Answer 25

Hemibiotrophs

Question 26

What happens to most of the spores that germinate

Answer 26

They die shortly after germination

Question 27

How a penetration peg is able to break through the plant cell wall

Answer 27

With help from lytic enzymes

Question 28

The origin and role of the haustorial membrane

Answer 28

host-derived and keeps the fungus cytoplasm separate from the plant cytoplasm

Question 29

Two ways that a necrotroph kills its host cells

Answer 29

Secretes metabolites that kill the host cell directly or secretes oxalate that can trigger programmed cell death

Question 30

Types of necrotic lesions

Answer 30

Antracnose, blight, canker, scab, leaf spot

Question 31

Chestnut blight (Cryphonectria) exhibits

Answer 31

Necrosis

Question 32

Example of Permanent wilting

Answer 32

Ophiostoma (Dutch elm disease)

Question 33

Hypertrophy

Answer 33

Excessive growth due to release of growth hormones (Ustilago maydis)

Question 34

Leaf abscission

Answer 34

Loss of leaves via release of hormones (Hemileia)

Question 35

Etoliation

Answer 35

Excessive growth in length, seen in foolish seedling disease

Question 36

Prevention of reproduction

Answer 36

replacement of reproductive structure with fungus, as seen in Ergot

Question 37

Causes rice blast fungus, is the most economically important plant disease in the world

Answer 37

Magnaporthe grisea (ascomycete)

Question 38

What type of conidia does Magnaporthe grisea create

Answer 38

Thallic, solitary conidia

Question 39

A badidiomycete referred to as "honey fungus" that is spread via root to root contact

Answer 39

Armillaria ostoyae

Question 40

An Ascomycete teleomorph that causes barley powdery mildew

Answer 40

Blumeria graminis

Question 41

The type of spore that causes secondary inocula in Blumeria graminis

Answer 41

Conidiospore

Question 42

Which spore overwinters with Blumeria graminis

Answer 42

Ascospore

Question 43

Why does Ustilago maydis cause hypertrophy in corn

Answer 43

because it's yeast form makes auxin

Question 44

The ascomycete teleomorph that causes Dutch Elm disease

Answer 44

Ophiostoma novo-ulmi

Question 45

The Basidiomycete that causes black stem rust

Answer 45

Puccinia graminis

Question 46

What connects the barberry bush to Puccinia graminis

Answer 46

The teliospores land on the barberry leaves and do their sexual phase, then send out aeciospores to infect cereal crops

Question 47

Sexual spores found on the barberry leaf, found inside spermagonia

Answer 47

spermatia

Question 48

A cup-like hyphal structure found on the underside of barberry leaves that are infected

Answer 48

Aecium

Question 49

Four different types of spores made by Puccinia graminus

Answer 49

Aeciospore, uridiniospores, teliospores, basidiospores

Question 50

The spore responsible for the primary inoculum of the primary host in Puccinia graminus

Answer 50

Aeciospores

Question 51

Spores responsible for secondary inoculation of the host in Puccinia graminus

Answer 51

Urediniospores

Question 52

The type of spore responsible for overwintering in Puccinia graminus

Answer 52

Teliospores

Question 53

The "Puccinia Pathway"

Answer 53

The spread of Puccinia graminus via the wind from Canada to Mexico

Question 54

The basidiomycete responsible for coffee leaf rust

Answer 54

Hemileia vastatrix

Question 55

The type of spores that spread Hemileia vastatrix

Answer 55

Uridiniospores

Question 56

The Ascomycete responsible for chestnut blight

Answer 56

Cryphonectria parasitica

Question 57

How does Cryphonectria parasitica infect it's host

Answer 57

through wounds in the bark

Question 58

What kind of necrosis does Cyrphonectria parasitica exhibit

Answer 58

a canker

Question 59

A pocket where the formation of asexual spores (conidia) occurs

Answer 59

Pycnidium

Question 60

Why do shrub-like trees regrow after a chestnut tree has died from necrosis

Answer 60

because it does not infect the roots

Question 61

First generation fungicides

Answer 61

Inorganic fungicides, also called protectants; Sulfur salts

Question 62

Problems associated with 1st generation fungicides

Answer 62

Phototoxic, washed off in the rain, need to be constantly reapplied

Question 63

Second Generation Fungicides

Answer 63

Organic fungicides (also called protectants), contain thiocarbamates

Question 64

Disrupt the basic metabolic process, so fungi do not develop resistance easily

Answer 64

Thiocarbamates

Question 65

Major problem with thiocarbamates

Answer 65

break down into ethylene thiourea, a carcinogen and teratogen

Question 66

Third Generation Fungicides

Answer 66

Systemic fungicides; contain Benzimidazoles

Question 67

Where do systemic fungicides accumulate in the plant

Answer 67

in the apoplast

Question 68

Which direction do systemic fungicides move in the plant

Answer 68

Up through the xylem

Question 69

How do Benzimidazoles work

Answer 69

they interfere with microtubule assembly, blocking mitosis and hyphal growth

Question 70

Which phyla are relatively resistant to benzimidazoles

Answer 70

Basidiomycetes

Question 71

Problems associated with benzimidazoles

Answer 71

Resistance due to mutation of the B-microtubulin gene where the fungicide binds; Exposure during pregnancy causes children to be born without eyes

Question 72

How have fungi developed resistance to benzimidazoles

Answer 72

by altering the binding site, so the fungicide loses affinity

Question 73

How do azole fungicides work

Answer 73

They inhibit cytochrome p-450, which is involved in demythylating sterols and the fungi is not able to produce a functional membrane

Question 74

Three ways that fungi have developed resistance to azole systemic fungicides

Answer 74

Exclude the uptake of azoles, develop altered membrane with reduced ergosterol content, and mutating the fungicide binding site

Question 75

Why did fungus develop a resistance to systemic fungicides so easily

Answer 75

because they target one specific site within the fungus, which was easy to change

Question 76

Pasteurization of soil

Answer 76

Raising the soil to 65-70 degrees for 30 minutes

Question 77

To introduce or favor a natural predator, parasite, or competitor of the organism to be controlled

Answer 77

Biocontrol

Question 78

Advantages of using Biocontrol

Answer 78

High reproductive capacity, short generation time, usually highly specific host range, saprophytic or resting stage when host isn't available

Question 79

Problems with using Biocontrol

Answer 79

May only damage host, may only reduce target, is relatively slow

Question 80

Muscardine disease

Answer 80

fungal infection of insects; often causes summit disease

Question 81

The Ascomycete anamorph that causes muscardine disease in silk worms

Answer 81

Beauveria bassiana

Question 82

A "self-quarantine" or psychosis behavior that causes the infected insect to crawl to a high area where they then die

Answer 82

Summit disease

Question 83

Zombie ants

Answer 83

ants infected with Cordyceps bassiana

Question 84

The structure that comes out of a zombie ant's head

Answer 84

vegetable caterpillar

Question 85

The fungus that protects chrysanthemums

Answer 85

Lecanicillim lecanii

Question 86

Insects that are controlled by Lecanicillium lecanii

Answer 86

Aphids and white flies

Question 87

The Zygomycete that causes "fly fungus"

Answer 87

Entomophthora muscae

Question 88

The white structure surrounding a fly killed by Entomophthora muscae

Answer 88

Mitosporangia

Question 89

What was introduced to Australia to control spotted alfalfa aphids

Answer 89

Entomophthora

Question 90

The Basidiomycete used to control rush skeleton weed in Australia

Answer 90

Puccinia chondrillina

Question 91

Why can't Puccinia chondrillina be mass produced as a biocontrol

Answer 91

because it is obligately biotropic

Question 92

The Ascomycete used to control northern joint vetch and dodder

Answer 92

Colletotrichum gloeosporioides

Question 93

Problems with commercializing fungal biocides

Answer 93

Lack of continued commercial backing, high cost of production, introduction of newer herbicidal chemistries, resistance biotype, limited market

Question 94

The Basidiomycete that causes stem blight in peanuts

Answer 94

Sclerotium rolfsi

Question 95

Brown balls containing hyphen threads

Answer 95

Sclerotium

Question 96

The fungus that controls Sclerotium rolfsi

Answer 96

Trichoderma harzianum

Question 97

The problem found with using Trichoderma

Answer 97

Farmers spray with fungicides to kill Cercospora and end up killing the Trichospora, too.

Question 98

The fungus that causes dry bubble in other mushrooms

Answer 98

Lecanicillium fungicola

Question 99

What is used to control Lecanicillium fungicola

Answer 99

Trichoderma

Question 100

Has Trichoderma been commercially successful?

Answer 100

Yes, it is available in stores