Test #3 Flashcards
(133 cards)
1
Q
The content of essential amino acids in Agaricus bisporous
A
higher than any vegetable except spinach and soybeans
2
Q
Death cap mushroom
A
Amanita phalloides
3
Q
Destroying angel mushroom
A
Amanita virosa
4
Q
How common are deadly mushrooms growing in the wild
A
VERY COMMON
5
Q
Why is microscopic analysis sometimes needed to establish a mushroom’s identity
A
the presence of basidiospores can only be confirmed via microscope
6
Q
Supermarket mushrooms
A
Agaricus bisporous
7
Q
Oyster mushrooms
A
Pleurotus ostreatus
8
Q
Shiitake mushrooms
A
Lentinula edodes
9
Q
Chanterelle mushrooms
A
Cantharellus cibarius
10
Q
Enoki mushrooms
A
Flammulina belutipes
11
Q
Porcini mushrooms
A
Boletus edulis
12
Q
Edible ascomycetes
A
Truffles and morels
13
Q
Black truffle
A
Tuber melanosporum
14
Q
White truffle
A
Tuber magnatum
15
Q
Morel mushroom
A
Morchella escuelenta
16
Q
C6H12O6 ———> 2C2H5OH + 2CO2
A
The fermentation of glucose
17
Q
The highest amount of alcohol achievable via normal fungal fermentation
A
15-16%
18
Q
Yeast added to wine
A
Saccharomyces ellipsoideus
19
Q
The source of sugar for fermentation of beer
A
malted barley
20
Q
Ale yeast
A
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
21
Q
Lager yeast
A
Saccharomyces carlsbergensis
22
Q
Yeast that ferments at the top, generating froth and growing best at warmer temperatures
A
Ale yeast
23
Q
Yeast that ferments at the bottom of the tank, where it is cooler
A
Lager yeast
24
Q
The product of fermentation that is most important for making bread
A
CO2
25
A sticky, viscous protein that is stored in the endosperm of grain seeds
Gluten
26
Two components of gluten
Gliadan and glutenin
27
How does gluten form a 3-D network
Gliadan, a glycoprotein, forms a 3-D network with glutenin by intramolecular sulfur crosslinks as the dough is kneaded
28
What is the purpose of rennet in cheese making
Rennet coagulates the protein in the milk, forming curds and whey
29
Which two fungi have replaced animal rennet in cheese making
Aspergillus usameii and Mucor miehei
30
What is mold ripening
the inoculation of cheese with molds for flavor and for softness
31
The mold used to flavor danish blue cheese, roquefort, stilton, and gorgonzola
Penicillium roqueforti
32
Fungus used to make brie and camembert
Penicillium camemberti
33
Fungus used to cure sausage and salami
Penicillium nalgiovense
34
Ascomycete fungus used to prepare quorn
Fusarium venenatum
35
Comparison of protein yields per kg glucose used in production
Cattle = 14 g protein; Quorn = 136 g protein
36
The total cholesterol and fat found in beef compared to quorn
Beef has markedly higher cholesterol and total fat than Quorn
37
A meat supstitute made from cooked, germinated soybeans (aka: soybean cheese)
Tempeh
38
Fungus used to prepare tempeh
Rhizopus oligosporous
39
Soy Sauce (Shoyu)
A mixture of soybeans and wheat that are cooked until soft, then blended together and fermented to make a dark, salty liquid
40
The Ascomycete fungus used to prepare soy sauce and miso
Aspergillus oryzae
41
The mash of soybeans, wheat, and fungus that is pressed into fist-sized balls and allowed to ferment for three days
Koji
42
The mixture of koji, water, brine, and lactobacillus that ferments for six months
Moromi
43
A fermented paste of cereal grains and Aspergillus oryzae
Miso
44
The three genus of yeast that are found naturally on cocoa beans
Saccharomyces, Geotrichum, and Candida
45
What is the purpose of the yeasts found on the outside of the cocoa beans
They ferment the sugar found in the mucilage coating cocoa beans into alcohol
46
The end product of beans that have been fermented and roasted
Chocolate nibs
47
Chocolate nibs that have been heated down to a liquid form, then pressed to separate cocoa solids from cocoa butter
Chocolate liquor
48
The grinding of the liquor and cocoa butter
Conching
49
The quality of the chocolate depends on
the length of the conching and the percentage of cocoa butter used
50
The commercial yeast being considered as a replacement for the wild strains of fungi that ferment cocoa beans
Saccharomyces cerivisiae
51
Huitlacoche, galls of corn smut that are considered a delicacy
Ustilago maydis
52
Llau-llau, a fermented alcoholic beverage
Cyttaria haroiti
53
Spreads made with yeast extract
Marmite and vegemite
54
Most nematode predators are
Ascomycetes
55
A large group of free-living worms that roam the soil
Nematodes
56
Sprinkle plate technique
Soil is added to a petri dish with dilute cornmeal agar, then incubated for a few weeks at room temp. Nematodes will then crawl over the surface and, if predatory fungi are present, they will set traps. Visible w/a disecting scope
57
Sticky knob
morphologically distinct inflated cells closely spaced along lateral branches of hyphae
58
Substance that coats the sticky knob, making it sticky
Lectin
59
What do adhesive nets look like
a pile of pretzels
60
A three-celled ring that forms by recurvature of the tip of the lateral branch, followed by anastamosis. Are sticky on the inside.
Non-constricting rings
61
A 3-celled ring that, rather than having adhesive, the 3 ring cells rapidly inflate following mechanical stimulation of the inner ring surface
Constricting rings
62
What happens after penetration of a captured nematode
Growth of trophic hyphae throughout the body within one hour, then contents are digested and and conidia are developed outside the body
63
Endoparasitic nematophagous fungi
depend on nematodes for their main or only food source
64
How do predatory basidiomycetes capture nematodes
With poisoned lollipops that secrete toxins which paralyze the nematodes and disform their heads
65
The fungus that might have dead nematodes in it's gills
Pleurotus ostreatus
66
The chytrid that parasitizes nematodes
Catenaria anguillulae
67
How is an Attine ant colony initially innculated
By a single queen, who carries fungus from an existing colony in her infrabuccal pocket in the oral cavity
68
The fungus found in Attine ant gardens
Leucoagaricus gonglyophorus
69
Hyphae with swollen tips filled with lipids
Gongylidia
70
The fungus maintained by termites
Termitomyces titanicus
71
Termatia
Large mounds constructed by termites
72
How do termites cultivate their fungal garden
by eating woody material, then using their own feces as compost on which they cultivate fungi
73
What does cultivating Termitomyces titanicus do for the termites
It provides food for larvae and worker termites and the cellulase from the ingested fungi remain active in their gut, helping them digest more wood
74
Where are ambrosia beetles found
burrowed in the trunks of dying or dead trees
75
Mycangia
little divots on the bodies of beetles where spores can be carried to a new place
76
The fungus that forms in the walls of the beetle's tunnels is referred to as
Ambrosia
77
Frass toothpicks
visible extrusions of wood pushed out of the tree by the beetles when they dig their tunnels
78
The fungal culture most commonly used by beetles
Ambrosiella
79
Beetle larvae feed on the conidia of the Ambrosiella because
it is rich in lipids
80
Secondary metabolites
Metabolites derived from a few precursors during primary metabolism and are usually unnecessary for normal fungal growth
81
The fungus originally grown by Alexander Flemming
Penicillium notatum
82
The fungus that ended up producing more penicillin and was subsequently used for commercial production
Penicillium chrysogenum
83
The active site in penicillin
B-lactam ring
84
The mechanism of action for penicillin
Inhibits transpeptidation enzymes, inhibiting cross-link formation in the cell wall
85
How are other penicillin drugs derived from Penicillin-G
By changing the N-acyl group, making them effective for use on gram negative backteria
86
How have bacteria developed resistance to penicillins
By producing B-lactamase or via MecA resistance which alters penicillin binding proteins
87
The fungus that produces cephalosporins
Acremonium chrysogenum
88
How do cephalosporins work
they inhibit tetrapeptide crosslinking via a B-lactam ring
89
The fungus that produces griseofulvin, an antifungal antibiotic
Penicillium griseofulvum
90
What kind of infections can be treated with griseofulvum
Dermatophyte infections
91
How does griseofulvin work
it binds to keratin in keratin precursor cells, then enters the dermatophyte through active transport and binds to tubulin in microtubules, blocking mitosis and the ability to build fungal cell walls
92
The ascomycete anamorph that produces cyclosporin
Tolypocladium inflatum
93
Chemical structure of cyclosporin
A non-ribosomal cyclic peptide of eleven amino acids with a single D-amino acid (rare)
94
How does cyclosporin work
it selectively inhibits T-helper cells by inhibiting mitotic "triggers" (does NOT inhibit mitosis in somatic cells)
95
The fungi that produce Mevinolin
Penicillium citrinum and Aspergillus terreus
96
What does Mevinolin do
It inhibits sterol synthesis
97
Four statin drugs derived from mevinolin
Lovastatin, Mevastatin, Simvastatin, Pravastatin
98
The teleomorph that causes foolish seeding disease
Gibberella fujikuroi
99
Amylase
hydrolyzes starch and is used to clarify fruit juices
100
Invertase
Catalyzes the hydrolysis of sucrose to glucose and fructose; used to prepare syrups that won't crystalize
101
Protease
break down proteins and are used in softening leather, stain removal, or clarifying beer
102
Pectinase
break down pectin, used to clarify fruit juices and to release fibers from flax in linen production
103
Cellulase
hydrolyze cellulose and used in food processing
104
Alpha-galactosidase
The active ingredient in Beano
105
Lipase
Cuts grease (lipids); found in detergents
106
Enzyme used to biostone-wash jeans
cellulase
107
The two amanatin toxins
Amatoxin and Phallotoxin
108
What is the structure of Amatoxin and Phallotoxin
Both are cyclic oligopeptides in a double ring. Amatoxins have 8 amino acids and Phallotoxins have 7 amino acids
109
The latent period before symptoms of amatin poisoning appear
between 6-24 hours (about 12 hours)
110
What is the cause of death of amatoxin poisoning
Liver failure due to the inhibition of RNA polymerase II
111
False morel, produces the toxin gyromitrin which causes Monomethylhydrazine poisoning
Gyromitra escuelenta
112
What is the pathology of Monomethylhydrazine poisoning
When hydrolyzed, it becomes rocket fuel and is extremely toxic, causing liver damage; hemolytic and toxic to CNS
113
Antidote for monomethylhydrazine
Pyridoxine HCl (Vitamin B6)
114
Fools webcap, causes orellanine poisoning
Cortinarius orellanus
115
What is the pathology of orellanine poisoning
complete kidney failure
116
The fungus that causes coprine poisoning
Coprinopsis atramentaria
117
What are the symptoms of coprine poisoning
Hot flashes and hangover symptoms, but only after ingesting alcohol
118
The two "toadstools in the grass" that cause muscarine poisoning
Clitocybe dealbata and Inocybe geophylla
119
Symptoms of Muscarine poisoning
PSL; perspiration, salivation, and lacrimation
120
Antidote for muscarine poisoning
Atropine
121
The fungus that causes muscimol poisoning
Amanita muscaria
122
Symptoms of muscarine poisoning
Muscle spasms, vomiting, and dizziness followed by a deep sleep full of fantastic dreams for a few hours. On waking, the patient has a feeling of elation that lasts several hours
123
Antidote for muscimol poisoning
None, it is a neurotoxin
124
"magic mushrooms", produces psilocybin, psilocin, and seratonin
Psilocybe semilanceata
125
Antidotes for psilocybin/psilocin poisoning
Thorazine and Diazepam
126
The fungus that causes ergotism
Claviceps purpurea
127
Two classes of ergot alkaloid toxins
Clavine alkaloids (vasoconstrictors) and derivatives of lysergic acid (convulsions and hallucinations)
128
Commercial uses for ergot alkaloids
Ergometrine stimulates uterine contractions; Ergotamine is used to treat migraines
129
Fungus that causes aflatoxin poisoning
Aspergillus flavus
130
The pathology of aflatoxin poisoning
liver necrosis/tumors
131
What are the black patches on peanuts
Aspergillus flavus
132
Two types of aflatoxins
B1 and G1 (have double bond) and B2 and G2 lack the double bond
133
How do aflatoxins cause liver cancer
by reacting with guanyl residues of DNA
