Mid-Term Review Flashcards
(132 cards)
1
Q
What are the four goals of psychology?
A
Describe
Explain
Predict
Control
2
Q
If you have a person that is schizophrenic what type of psychologist is that?
A
Clinical
3
Q
What’s the difference between Clinical vs. Counseling Psychology
A
The Severity
4
Q
What does an educational psychologist do?
A
Study the School
5
Q
If you are a school psychologist you study the..
A
individual
6
Q
Father of Pyschology
A
Wilhelm Wundt
7
Q
The Science of behavior and mental processes
A
Psychology
8
Q
Basic vs. Applied Reserach
A
Basic Research → builds psychology’s knowledge base
Applied research → tackling practical problems
9
Q
explains with principles that organize observations and predict behaviors or events.
A
Theory
10
Q
Test and reject or revise our theory, requires research
A
Hypotheses
11
Q
Theories can _____ observation
A
bias
12
Q
To check for biases, psychologists report their research with these definitions.
A
Operational Definitions
13
Q
Modern Perspectives:
Unconscious determinants of behavior (ID, Ego & Superego)
A
Pscychoanlysis
14
Q
Modern Perspectives: Stimulus & Response
A
Behavioral
15
Q
Modern Perspectives: Nervous system & Endocrine System
A
Biolgoical
16
Q
Modern Perspectives: Focuses on the thinking in between a stimulus and response
A
Cognitive
17
Q
Modern Perspectives: Subjective Experience
A
Humanistic or Phenomenology
18
Q
Who invited Structuralism & Functionalism?
A
Tichener
19
Q
focused on how mental processes enable us to adapt and survive.
A
Functionalism
20
Q
Used introspection to define the mind’s make-up
A
Structuralism
21
Q
The fact that neurons fire down the complete length of the cell if a sufficient level of excitatory impulses are received
A
All-or-none
22
Q
Chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons.
A
Neutransmitters
23
Q
What generates action potential?
A
Threshold
24
Q
Two functions of Acetylochline
A
Muscle Contraction
Memory
25
If you have too much Dopamine you become______ and if you too little you get ____
schizophrenic; Parkinsons
26
Which neurotransmitters regulate mood?
Serotonin
| Norepinephrine
27
Neurons that carry incoming info from the sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord
Sensory neuron
28
Neurons that carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands
Motor Neurons
29
Neurons within the brain and spinal cord that communicate internally and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs.
Interneurons
30
Junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cel body of the receiving neuron.
Synapse
31
If a person is split brain you split what?
The Corpus Callosum
32
Language and function is found where?
Left Hemisphere
33
Phineas gage had a damaged what?
Frontal Lobe
34
White matter is
Myelinated
35
Gray matter is
unmyelinated
36
______ are controlled at the level of the spinal cord
Reflexes
37
Concerned with the links between biology and behavior.
Biological Perspective
38
A neuron's busy, branching extensions that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body
Dendrites
39
Level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse
Threshold
40
An amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity that sweeps across the brain's surface. These waves are measured by electrodes placed on the scalp.
EEG
41
A visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task
PET Scan
42
A technique that uses magnetic field and radio waves to produce computer-generated images of soft tissue. They show the brains anatomy
MRI Scan
43
Myelination stops after the age of
24
44
At rest the inside of the neuron is ____ in relation to the outside
Negative
45
Where does motor control reside?
Frontal Lobe
46
Where does vision reside?
Occipital lobe
47
Where does hearing reside?
Temporal Lobe
48
_____ Lobe is the sense of touch
Parietal
49
What is the third neuron called?
Interneuron
50
Example of two neuron Reflex Arc
Knee Jerk
51
Example of Three Neuron Reflex Arc
Pain from a Hot Stove
52
Somantic NS is Voluntary or involuntary
Voluntary
53
Autonomic NS is Voluntary or involuntary
involuntary
54
Hemispheric Specialization:
| What's on the left side?
Language, Logic, Math, Control of Right Side
55
Hemispheric Specialization:
| What's on the right side?
Simple Abilities, Art and Music, Control of Left Side
56
changes that occur on a 24 hour basis
Circadian rhythm
57
Name the disorder: You sleep walk and sleep talk
Sommambulance
58
Waves in Sleep: Stage 1-2 are ____ and 3-4 ____
Theta; Dela (3-4)
59
Things we are not normally aware of, but can bring to consciousness at will (Like breathing when we are choking)
preconscious
60
Things we are not aware of?
Unconscious
61
Hypnogogic sensation happens in which stage of sleep?
Stage 1
62
REM Sleep, looks like the person is awake is called....
Paradoxical Sleep
63
As you get older the need for sleep _____
decreases
64
An elderly person sleeps about __ hours
4
65
The diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug, requiring the user to take larger and larger doses before experiencing the drug’s effect.
Tolerance
66
a physiological need for a drug, marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the drug is discontinued.
Physical Dependence
67
a psychological need to use a drug, such as to relieve negative emotions.
Psychological Dependence
68
The discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing the use of an active drug.
Withdrawal
69
Altered state of Euphoria is what
Good Feeling
70
Alchohol + Xanex (also a Tranquilizer) are
Depressants
71
Caffeine + Cocaine are
Stimulants
72
Cocaine increases
Dopamine
73
opiates ____ activity of CNS and work like ____
Decrease; depressants
74
Hallucinognes are not ______ so you use less of the drugs to get the effect
Tolerant
75
Freud said dreaming is for
wish Fulfillment
76
the underlying meaning of a dream
Latent
77
The remembered story line of a dream
Manifest
78
Hypnosis Involves
Increased Suggesibility
79
What can be said about memories that are retrieved via hypnosis?
Inaccurate because they are susceptible to suggestion
80
Danger of taking sleeping pills and alcohol at the same time
Amplification
81
The process by which experience or practice results in a relatively permanent change in behavior or potential behavior.
Learning
82
Classical Conditioning is for
Involuntary Behaviors
83
Operant Conditioning is for
Voluntary Behaviors
84
When it comes to curing phobias this Technique involves the creation of a fear hierarchy and extinction through relaxation exercises.
Systematic Desensitization
85
What causes an operant behavior to continue?
Reinforcers
86
Behavior that operates on the environment to produce rewarding or punishing stimuli
Operant Behvaior
87
the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus
Discrimination
88
the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses.
Generalization
89
Learning that is not immediately reflected in a behavior change
Latent Learning
90
a learned mental image of a spatial environment that may be called on to solve problems when stimuli in the environment change
Cognitive Maps
91
a view of learning that emphasizes the ability to learn by observing a model or receiving instructions, without firsthand experience by the learned (Albert Bandura)
Social Learning
92
reinforcement after a fixed number of responses
Fixed Ratio (FR)
93
reinforcement after a fixed amount of time has passed
Fixed Interval (FI)
94
procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior.
Behavior Shaping
95
What do positive reinforces and negative reinforcers have in common?
They both increase behavior
96
Types of LTM: facts and information
Semantic
97
Types of LTM: personal information
Episodic
98
Types of LTM: memory changes associated with recollection
Reconstructive Memory
99
Types of LTM: emotional memories that take you back to place and time.
Flashbulb
100
Types of Mnemonics
Peg-word; chunking; unique associations
101
Three stages of Memory
Encoding
Storage
Retrieval
102
Problem with encoding
Learning Disability
103
Problem with storage
Organic Brain Disorder (Alzheimers)
104
Forgetting in Short Term memory is
Normal
105
Ebbinghaus experiment shows that tests of recognition and time spent relearning demonstrate that we _____ the more more we _____
remember and recall
106
SQ3R
```
Survey
Question
Read
Retrieve
Review
```
107
A physical stimulus is being converted into a neural impulse.
Encoding
108
Memory is Stored all over. There is not one depository for memory
Storage
109
STM Capacity
7 + - 2
110
LTM Capacity is
Unlimited
111
An increase in a cell's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory
Long Term Potentiation
112
lack of Recalling memories is possibly due to lack of retrieval ____
cues
113
____is crucial in memory transfer and consolidation
Hippcampus
114
This part of the brain deals with experiences of emotion
Amygdala
115
This type of memory does not require conscience thought
Implicit Memory
116
This type of memory can be declared with words
Explicit Memory
117
An inability to form new memories
Anterograde Amnesia
118
An inability to retrieve information from one's past
Retrograde Amenesia
119
Visual Memory is called an
Icon
120
Auditory memoroy is called an
ECHO
121
Iconic Memory is extremely good during ____
chilhood
122
People with photographic memory have ____ memory
Eidetic
123
As you get older you move to ____ Memory
Echoic (Because you have language)q
124
An object/people of best fit
Prototype
125
A mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas or people
Concept
126
basic sounds of a language
Phoneme
127
grouping words to give correct meaning
Syntax
128
All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering and communicating
Cognition
129
IQ Testing was first attempted by
Sir Francis Galton
130
One’s accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age. (Like what you learn during school)
Crystallized Intelligence
131
one’s ability to reason speedily and abstractly: Tends to decrease during late adulthood.
Fluid Intelligence
132
5 Ways in which we do research in pyschology
Naturalistic Observation
Case Study
Experiment
Correlation Study
