Chapter 4 Test

Question 1

What is the process of acquiring new and relatively enduring information or behaviors?

Answer 1

Learning

Question 2

What is learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli or a response and its consequence.

Answer 2

Associative Learning

Question 3

Who is associated with Classical Conditioning?

Answer 3

Ivan Pavlov

Question 4

Who coined the term behaviorism?

Answer 4

John B. Watson

Question 5

What is a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events.

Answer 5

Classical Conditioning

Question 6

What is the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses?

Answer 6

Generalization

Question 7

In Classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal and unconditioned stimulus.

Answer 7

Discrimination

Question 8

What is Thorndike’s principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely.

Answer 8

Law of effect

Question 9

An event that tends to decrease the behavior that it follows.

Answer 9

Punishment

Question 10

A condition of apathy or helplessness created experimentally by subjecting an organism to avoidable trauma.

Answer 10

Learned Helplesness

Question 11

How do you induce extinction?

Answer 11

You remove the Unconditioned Stimulus (Classical Conditioning)

Question 12

The reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response.

Answer 12

Spontaneous Recovery

Question 13

What causes an operant behavior to continue?

Answer 13

Consequences

Question 14

Who was associated with operant conditioning?

Answer 14

B.F. Skinner

Question 15

a learned mental image of a spatial environment that may be called on to solve problems when stimuli in the environment change

Answer 15

Cognitive Map

Question 16

In a classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally- naturally and automatically- triggers a response

Answer 16

Unconditioned Stimulus

Question 17

In classical conditioning, an unlearned, naturally occurring response to an unconditioned stimulus

Answer 17

Unconditioned Response

Question 18

In Classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned response, comes to trigger a conditioned response.

Answer 18

Conditioned Stimulus

Question 19

In classical conditioning, a learned response to a previously neutral stimulus

Answer 19

Conditioned Response

Question 20

A pattern that defines how often a desired response will be reinforced

Answer 20

Reinforcement Schedule

Question 21

Reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs

Answer 21

Continuous Reinforcement

Question 22

Reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcemnt

Answer 22

Partial Reinforcement

Question 23

In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses.

Answer 23

Fixed-Ratio Schedule

Question 24

In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses.

Answer 24

Variable-Ratio Schedule

Question 25

In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed.

Answer 25

Fixed-Interval Schedule

Question 26

In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals.

Answer 26

Variable-Interval Schedule

Question 27

Is it better to use punishment or reinforcement?

Answer 27

Reinforcement

Question 28

Presentation of an unpleasant stimulus after an undesired behavior occurs

Answer 28

Positive Punishment

Question 29

Removal of a pleasant stimulus after an undesired behavior occurs.

Answer 29

Negative Punishment

Question 30

Canceling tv viewing privileges is an example of

Answer 30

Negative Punishment (something is being TAKEN AWAY)

Question 31

A low grade on an exam or a speeding ticket are examples of

Answer 31

Positive Punishment (Something is being given to you)

Question 32

any stimulus whose presence increases the likelihood that ongoing behavior will recur

Answer 32

Positive Reinforcement

Question 33

A high grade on an exam is

Answer 33

Positive Reinforcement

Question 34

any stimulus whose reduction or termination increases the likelihood that ongoing behavior will recur

Answer 34

Negative Reinforcement

Question 35

Learning involves

Answer 35

a relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience.

Question 36

The most crucial ingredient in all learning is

Answer 36

experience

Question 37

By learning to associate a squirt of water with an electric shock, sea snails demonstrate the process of

Answer 37

Classical Conditioning

Question 38

Pets who learn that the sound of an electric can opener signals the arrival of their food illustrate

Answer 38

Classical Conditioning

Question 39

Children often learn to associate pushing a vending machine button with the delivery of a candy bar. This best illustrates the process underlying

Answer 39

Operant Conditioning

Question 40

The last time you came home after your curfew, your parents grounded you for the next two weekends. Ever since then you have been careful to come home on time. The change in your behavior is best explained by

Answer 40

Operant Conditioning

Question 41

John B. Watson emphasized that

Answer 41

learning should be explained without any reference to mental processes.

Question 42

In Pavlov's experiments, the dog's salivation triggered by the taste of food was a(n)

Answer 42

unconditioned response.

Question 43

A child's learned fear at the sight of a hypodermic needle is a(n)

Answer 43

conditioned response.

Question 44

A dog's salivation at the sight of a food dish is a(n)

Answer 44

conditioned response

Question 45

An integrated understanding of associative learning in terms of genetic predispositions, culturally learned preferences, and the predictability of certain associations is most clearly provided by

Answer 45

law of effect

Question 46

To assess whether Mrs. Webster had Alzheimer's disease, researchers conditioned her to blink in response to a sound that signaled the delivery of a puff of air directed toward her face. In this application of classical conditioning, the sound was a

Answer 46

Conditioned Stimulus

Question 47

Voluntary behaviors that produce rewarding or punishing consequences are called

Answer 47

Operant Behaviors

Question 48

Operant behaviors are

Answer 48

voluntary

Question 49

B. F. Skinner believed that teaching machines could promote effective learning because they allow for both

Answer 49

Observational Learning and Spontaneous Recovery

Question 50

Bandura's Bobo doll experiment demonstrated that the power of observational learning depends on what?

Answer 50

whether we see the people as similar to us

Question 51

Mr. Zandee has stopped smoking because he wants to model healthy behavior patterns for his children. Mr. Zandee is apparently aware of the importance of ________ in his children's development

Answer 51

Observational Learning

Question 52

Experiments suggest that children exposed to a model who says one thing and does another will

Answer 52

talk in ways consistent with what the model says and act in ways consistent with what the model does.

Question 53

Most researchers who have examined the effects of viewing televised aggression conclude that

Answer 53

viewing violence leads children and teenagers to behave aggressively.

Question 54

After prolonged exposure to television violence, viewers became more indifferent to violence when later viewing a brawl, whether on TV or in real life. This finding best illustrates

Answer 54

desensitization

Question 55

Using an operant chamber, Skinner timed food pellets to drop every 15 minutes. If a rat was in a certain location just before the food was presented, the rat went to that location more frequently even though it was not directly tied to the appearance of food. Which of the following best explains this superstitious behavior?

Answer 55

Any behavior that is accidentally reinforced is more likely to be repeated.

Question 56

A rat in a Skinner box is reinforced with a food pellet only if the rat moves close to the lever. Next, reinforcement is withheld until the rat stands on its hind legs, then until the rat touches the lever, and finally, until the rat presses the lever. This example best illustrates

Answer 56

shaping

Question 57

Revoking the driver's license of a reckless driver is intended to serve as a

Answer 57

Negative Punishment

Question 58

Which of the following is true of positive and negative reinforcers?

Answer 58

Positive reinforcers increase the rate of operant responding; negative reinforcers increase the rate of operant responding.

Question 59

Mason, a stockbroker, runs two miles every day after work because it reduces his level of stress. Mason's running habit is maintained by a(n) ________ reinforcer.

Answer 59

Negative

Question 60

Professor Kohler observed chimpanzees discover a novel way to reach a banana hung out of their reach. This scenario is most likely an example of which type of learning?

Answer 60

Insight Learning

Question 61

Both classical and operant conditioning are forms of

Answer 61

Associative Learning

Question 62

The “psychic secretions” that interfered with Pavlov's experiments on digestion were

Answer 62

Conditioned Responses

Question 63

Children learn to fear spiders more easily than they learn to fear flowers. This best illustrates the impact of ________ on learning.

Answer 63

Biological Presdispositions

Question 64

After pigs learned to pick up and deposit wooden coins in a piggy bank, the pigs subsequently dropped the coins repeatedly and pushed them with their snouts. This best illustrates the importance of ________ in operant conditioning.

Answer 64

Biological Predispositions