Middle and late childhood Flashcards
(40 cards)
- spans the ages between early childhood and adolescence
- approximately ages 6 to 11 years.
- Children gain greater control over the movement of their bodies,
mastering many gross and fine motor skills that eluded the younger child.
MIDDLE AND LATE CHILDHOOD
- The period of middle and late childhood involves slow, consistent
growth. - During this period, children grow an average of 2 to 3 inches a year.
- Muscle mass and strength gradually increase.
- Among the most pronounced changes in body growth and proportion are
decreases in head circumference and waist circumference in relation to
body height.
Physical Changes and Health
Changes in the _____ middle and late childhood include advances in
functioning in the prefrontal cortex, which are reflected in improved
attention, reasoning, and cognitive control
The Brain
- During middle and late childhood, ___________ becomes much
smoother and more coordinated. - Children gain greater control over their bodies and can sit and pay
attention forlonger periods of time. However, their lives should include
abundant physical activity
Motor Development
Parents play an especially important role in guiding children to increase
their _______.
- Heavy television viewing and computer use are linked to lower activity
levels in children
Exercise
- For the most part, middle and late childhood is a time of excellent health.
- The most common cause of severe injury and death in childhood is motor
vehicle accidents.
Health, Illness, and Disease
- Approximately 14 percent of U.S. children from 3 to 21 years of age
receive special education or related services.
The Scope of Disabilities
is a category of learning disabilities that involves a severe
impairment in the ability to read and spell.
Dyslexia
is a learning disability that involves difficulty in handwriting.
Dysgraphia
is a learning disability that involves difficulties in math
computation.
Dyscalculia
is a disability in which
individuals consistently show problems in one or more of these areas:
(1) inattention,
(2) hyperactivity, and
(3) impulsivity.
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
consist of serious, persistent
problems that involve relationships, aggression, depression, fears
associated with personal or school matters, as well as other
inappropriate socioemotional characteristics.
Emotional and behavioral disorders
- said that the stage of concrete operational thought characterizes
children from about 7 to 11 years of age. - During this stage, children are capable of concrete operations,
conservation, classification, seriation, and transitivity.
Piaget’s Cognitive Developmental Theory
- Long-term memory increases in middle and late childhood. Working
memory is an important memory process. - Knowledge and expertise influence memory.
Information Processing
Among the key dimensions of executive function that are important in
cognitive development and school success are:
- self-control/inhibition,
- working memory, and
- flexibility
involves thinking reflectively and productively, as well
as evaluating available evidence.
Critical thinking
is the ability to think in novel and unusual ways and to
come up with unique solutions to problems.
Creative thinking
is knowing about knowing.
Metacognition
consists of problem-solving skills and the ability to adapt to
and learn from life’s everyday experiences.
Intelligence
Sternberg proposed that intelligence comes in three main forms:
- analytical,
- creative, and
- practical.
Gardner proposes that there are eight types of intelligence:
- verbal
- Mathematical
- Spatial
- bodily-kinesthetic
- Interpersonal
- Intrapersonal
- musical
- naturalist.
Intelligence test scores have risen considerably around the world in recent
decades.
This phenomenon is called the _______, and it supports the role of
environment in intelligence.
Flynn effect
involves a low level of intellectual functioning as
well as difficulty adapting to the demands of everyday life, with these
characteristics occurring prior to age 18.
Intellectual disability
Children gradually become more analytical and logical in their approach
to words and grammar.
In terms of grammar, children now better understand comparatives and
subjectives.
They become increasingly able to use complex grammar and produce
narratives that make sense.
Vocabulary, Grammar, and Metalinguistic Awareness
