Middle Childhood Flashcards
The concrete-operational stage is characterized by:
Logical operations, such as conservation, reversibility or classification, allow logical reasoning. The child is now mature enough to use logical thought or operations (i.e. rules) but can only apply logic to physical objects (hence concrete operational). Children gain the abilities of conservation (number, area, volume, orientation), reversibility, seriation, transitivity and class inclusion.
What is an example of Piaget’s concrete operational stage?
A child who is in the concrete operational stage will understand that both candy bars are still the same amount, whereas a younger child will believe that the candy bar that has more pieces is larger than the one with only two pieces.
What are the 4 stages of Piaget’s theory?
Sensorimotor stage (0–2 years old) Preoperational stage (2–7 years old) Concrete operational stage (7–11 years old) Formal operational stage (11 years old through adulthood).
What is ‘conservation’ characterized by?
The understanding that something stays the same in quantity even though its appearance changes. This can apply to aspects such as volume, number, area etc.
To be more technical, understanding that redistributing material does not affect its mass, number, volume or length.
How might children ages 5 and 7 differ when answering Piaget’s pre and post-transformation questions regarding beakers of fluid?
By around seven years, most children can conserve liquid because they understand that when water is poured into a differently shaped glass, the quantity of liquid remains the same, even though its appearance has changed. Five-year-old children would think there was a different amount because their appearance has changed.
What is an example of inductive logic?
Data: I see fireflies in my backyard every summer. Hypothesis: This summer, I will probably see fireflies in my backyard. Data: Every dog I meet is friendly. Hypothesis: Most dogs are usually friendly.
What is inductive logic?
A type of reasoning that involves drawing a general conclusion from a set of specific observations. Some people think of inductive reasoning as “bottom-up” logic, because it involves widening specific premises out into broader generalizations.
What is deductive logic?
A logical process in which a conclusion is based on the concordance of multiple premises that are generally assumed to be true. Deductive reasoning is sometimes referred to as top-down logic. Deductive reasoning relies on making logical premises and basing a conclusion around those premises.
What is an example of deductive logic?
Milo has no cake flour. He needs cake flour in order to bake brownies. He cannot make brownies. Based on the premises that cake flour is needed to bake brownies and Milo does not have any, deductive reasoning determines that Milo cannot make brownies. The accepted facts (lack of flour, need for flour) inform the decision made.
What is ‘logical operation?’
What is ‘reversibility or classification?’
In the concrete-operational stage, are children better with inductive or deductive logic?
Inductive logic
What is horizontal décalage According to Piaget?
According to Piaget, horizontal and vertical décalage generally occur during the concrete operations stage of development. Horizontal décalage refers to the fact that once a child learns a certain function, he or she does not have the capability to immediately apply the learned function to all problems.
What is an example of horizontal décalage?
For example, children solve conservation of number tasks before they solve conservation of mass tasks and the latter before they can conserve weight, a phenomenon termed horizontal décalage (i.e., the inability of a child to transfer one conservation ability to another type).
What is an example of inductive logic?
Data: I see fireflies in my backyard every summer. Hypothesis: This summer, I will probably see fireflies in my backyard. Data: Every dog I meet is friendly. Hypothesis: Most dogs are usually friendly.
What is ‘working memory?’
How does working memory change with age?
What is ‘acquisition of automaticity?’
Memory strategies include:
Rehearsal, mnemonic, elaborative strategy, organization.
What is ‘selective attention?’
What might you infer from a child who scores below 70 on an Intelligent Quotient (IQ) test?
Intellectual disability, which might be due to chromosomal abnormalities, genetic disorders, brain damage, or an impoverished home environment.
What might you infer from a child who scores above 130 on an Intelligent Quotient (IQ) test?
Gifted.
What is the ‘Stanford-Binet intelligence scale?’
An IQ test; documents the cognitive strengths and weaknesses of children, adolescents, and adults. Its 10 subtests assess five cognitive factors: Fluid Reasoning; Knowledge; Quantitative; Visual-Spatial; and Working Memory.
What is the ‘Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children?’
An IQ test administered to children between ages 6 and 16 by school districts and psychologists. The objective of the exam is to understand whether or not a child is gifted, as well as to determine the student’s cognitive strengths and weaknesses.
What is the difference between the Stanford-Binet intelligence and Wechsler intelligence scale?
The two scales also differ in the manner of computing an intelligence quotient; the Binet scale depends upon a Mental Age concept of intelligence, whereas the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children is a point scale.
What are the “non-culturally biased” IQ tests?
There are none.
What is Sternberg’s triarchic theory of intelligence?
Theory that contends that there are three types of intelligence: practical (the ability to get along in different contexts), creative (the ability to come up with new ideas), and analytical (the ability to evaluate information and solve problems).
What is Cattell’s theory of intelligence?
General intelligence encapsulates correlations among various cognitive tasks, which can be categorized into two subdivisions; these are fluid intelligence and crystallized intelligence.
What is ‘fluid intelligence?’
It involves being able to think and reason abstractly and solve problems. This ability is considered independent of learning, experience, and education. Examples of the use of fluid intelligence include solving puzzles and coming up with problem-solving strategies.
What is ‘crystalized intelligence?’
Involves knowledge that comes from prior learning and past experiences. Situations that require crystallized intelligence include reading comprehension and vocabulary exams. Crystallized intelligence is based upon facts and rooted in experiences.
What is ‘analytic intelligence?’
What is ‘creative intelligence?’
What is ‘practical intelligence?’
How is crystalized intelligence characterized throughout life? How does it differ from fluid intelligence?
What is Gardner’s multiple intelligences theory?
Gardner proposed that eight bits of intelligence exist, suggesting that traditional psychometric views of intelligence are too limited. The intelligence includes:
○ Bodily-kinesthetic
○ Logical-mathematical
○ Linguistic
○ Spatial intelligence
○ Interpersonal
○ Intrapersonal
○ Naturalist
and Musical.
