Midterm 1 Flashcards
What are effectors?
They are responsible for body responses (ex. muscles and glands)
What is the definition of total body water
The volume of water contained in all compartments of the body – composed of water and dissolved material
- subdivisions are call body fluids and are located in compartments
What is the definition of physiology
the science of body functions (the study of the normal functioning of a living organism and its component parts, including all its chemical and physical processes) – literally means “Study of nature”
What is Intracellular fluid
All fluid contained within cells – including plasma and tissue fluid (interstitial fluid)
What is Extracellular fluid
Fluid outside the cells but within the body (considered the “internal environment”) – including plasma and tissue fluid (interstitial fluid)
What is Interstitial fluid
Aka tissue fluid, the fluid surrounding other cells
What are negative and positive feedback systems and how do they relate to homeostasis
Negative: a self correcting response when a regulated variable decreases, the system responds to make it increase (regulator) and vice versa (opposes og stimulus)
Positive: the response of the system goes in the same direction as the change that set it in motion (magnified so response occurs much faster) (ex. cattle running = increased panic – on and on)
What are the 2 major principles in physiology
1) simplification through classification
2) realizing that body functions are integrated (everything works together and relies on one another)
4 names of cells
1) purkinje
2) pyramidal
3) basket
4) stellate
what are the 6 levels of organization to form an organism
1) chemical
2) cell
3) tissue
4) organ
5) organ system
6) organism
Each forms the next step
What do neurons do?
transmit electrical signals – receive info from receptors, transmit info from muscles to glands and can process info
- use branches to transmit or receive
What are epithelial cells?
Also know as the epithelium, they line external body surfaces such as skin, hollow body tubes and organs. They act as a barrier and as a transport membrane. They also form glands (endocrine and exocrine) that secrete hormones.
Exocrine glands
They secrete hormones through ducts into hollow tubes (exo = outside) ex. sweat and salivary glands
*note: inside of the gland is called the lumen
Endocrine glands
They secrete hormones without ducts into the blood system (endo = inside) ex. pituitary glands and adrenal glands
What is connective tissue?
An extracellular matrix made of fibrous proteins called elastin (elasticity) and collagen (strength) -- all while supporting other structures such as organs in the body ex. - bones: support to all body structures - tendons: anchors muscles to bones - ligaments: connects bones together - blood: delivers oxygen to the body - lymph: returns leaked materials into the blood - fat cells
What do organs do and what are they composed of
They are composed of at least 2 different types of tissues that work together in systems that perform coordinated large scale functions, like nourishing the body (digestive sys) or protecting the body from attack (immune sys)
What is the external environment and what is the order of exchange
the external side of the epithelial body barrier
ex. surrounds external to the skin, air in your lungs, food in the stomach, urine in the bladder
order of exchange: external - blood - tissue fluid - cell
What are the body fluid compartments?
extracellular fluid and intracellular fluid – body is divided into compartements that are separated by epithelial cells whose membranes are semi permeable (transport occurs between cells)
What is a regulated variable
The variable that is maintained by the body in homeostasis (blood glucose, plasma levels, temp, etc.) – it is regulated but can still go up and down
What is the set point
The expected value of the regulated variable (pH, glucose, temp) – what is the norm basically
What are receptors?
Sensors which detect internal or external stimuli
ex. thermoreceptors, chemoreceptors, baroreceptors (blood vessels)
What are integrating centers?
With many found in the brain, they orchestrate an appropriate response for the effector to respond to stimuli (located in the hypothalamus)
What do signals do?
allow components to communicate - inputs (receptor to integrating center) and outputs (integrating center to receptor)
- are chemical (hormones) or via neurons
What is the difference between passive and active transport?
Passive: occurs spontaneously in a downhill movement (down the force/outward)
Active: occurs non-spontaneously in an uphill movement, requiring cell E (ATP/ADP) (against the force/inward)