Segments of tagma
Abdomen, thorax, head
Sclerotinization
Hardening of the cuticle to make it protective
Labrum
Upper lip
Mandibles
Jaws
Maxillae
Second jaws
Labium
Lower lip
Palms
Fingers on maxillae and labium
Hypo pharynx
Tongue covered in exoskeleton
Stylets
Labium like rain gutter
Compound eyes
Corneal lens
Ommatidia (camera lenses)
Optic nerve
Ocelli
Other little eyes for light and seasons
Stemmata
Shadow and light
Thorax segments
Pro, meso and meta
Legs
Coxa Trochanter Femur Tibia Tarsus Pretarsus
Cursorial
Running
Natatorial
Swimming
Saltorial
Jumping
Raptorial
Capturing prey
Fossorial
Digging
Main wings
Membranous
Halteres
Gyroscopic wing
Elytra
Hard wing. Beetles
Hemelytra
Half hard wing
Tegmina
Leathery wing
Wing pads
Developing wings
Wing scales
Scales on wings. Butterflies
Alimentary canal
Hind gut
Mid gut
Fore gut
Hind gut
Water balance and excretion
Mid gut
Digestion and absorption
Fore gut
Processing and ingestion
Gastric cacea
Site of food absorption
Crop
Secondary food storage
Proventriculus
Grinding jaws that move food into stomach
Malphigian tubules
Regulation of salts and water
Main excretory products are
Nitrogenous wastes
Insect waste product
Uric acid: frass
Solid requires no water
Parthenogenetic reproduction
Females only
Male reproductive structures
Testis
Seminal duct
Accessory glands: produce spermatophor (sperm sack)
Aedeagus: penis
Female reproductive structures
Ovaries Spermatheca: store sperm for future Accessory glands: produce glue for eggs to stick to leaves etc. Oviducts Vagina
Ootheca
Egg pods
The egg
Chorion: shell
Yolk: all other stuff
Nucleus
Micropyle: hole so sperm can get in
Ovoparious
Normal egg surrounded by chorion
Viviparous
Live birth
Ovoviviparous
Egg is fine but mother still keeps it and kid is born live
Respiratory system
Spiracles
Trachea
Air sacs
Breathing
Active and passive ventilation
Circulation
Open circulatory system
Hemolymph
All the stuff
Blood flows from
Dorsal vessel
Aorta
Heart
Ostia (openings in heart)
Fat bodies
Generation of light
Luminescence
Neuron
Cell body
Axon : output
Dendrites : input
Terminal aborizations : fingers at end of axon
Nervous transmission
Synapse
Synaptic transmission
Acetylcholine: causes electrical impulses
ACH-ase: destroys ACH after transmission
Dual central nerve cord
Ladder like spine made of ganglia(group of neurons)
Insect Brain
Protocerebrum- eyes and ocelli
Deuto- antennae
Trito- mouthparts and some sensory
Visceral NS- heart, gut etc.
Flicker fusion frequency
How many times eyes scan something each second
Humans 50/1
Insects 250/1
Chemoreception
Taste: high concentration in fluids
Smell: low concentration in air
Mechanoreception
Sound, touch, movement
Johnston’s organ
Perceive sound
Tymphanal (chordotonal) organs
Ears
Kind people can only find good sex
Kingdom phylum class order family genus species
Systemma natura
How to decide how to group organisms
Protoannelid
First worm
Phylum Onychophora
Bilaterally segmented
Walking worms
Phylum Annelida
Bilaterally seg.
Closed circ system (insects don’t have)
Phylum Anthropoda
Open circ system
Exoskeleton
Tagma
Sub phyla of Arthropoda
Trilobita: extinct, flat with many legs
Chilicerata: (spiders), simple eyes, book lungs, 2 tagma; cephalothorax
Crustacea: (lobsters) aquatic, gills, biramous appendages; split into claw
Unaramia: (insects) 2-3 tagma, uniramous appendages; end at one point
Major classes of Uniramia
Diplopoda: (millipedes) elongated cylindrical body, reflexive bleeding
Chilopoda: (centipedes) elongated flattened body, 1st pair of appendages; jaw injects venom
Hexapoda: (insects) 3 tagma, 2pr wings, mostly terrestrial
Why are insects so successful?
Exoskeleton Small size Evolution of sociality Rapid reproduction Many species-isolating mechanisms
Major steps of the evolution of insects
Development of body plan
Wings/flight
Wing flexion (folding wings)
Holometabolism (metamorphasis to eat different things)
4 major mechanisms of evolution
Mutation Natural selection (directional selection: selects against a phenotype) Genetic drift (chance events: bottleneck effect) Genetic flow ( killer bees)
Antennae
Scape
Pedestal
Flagellum
Exoskeleton
Epicuticle
Procuticle
Cellular epidermis
Basement membrane
Types of molting
Hememetabolism- only grow wings
Holometabolism- complete change
Ametabolism- no change
Chemical that starts molting
Ecdysone
Pause in molting
Diapause
