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Child Development > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

(89 cards)

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1
Q

Theory

A

an orderly, integrated set of statements that describes, explains, and predicts behavior. (Oi dep)

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2
Q

Age of viability

A

26 + weeks

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3
Q

Assimilation

A

Using current schemes to interpret the external world

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4
Q

Accomodation

A

Adjusting old schemes and creating new ones to better fit environment

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5
Q

Schemes

A

organized ways of making sense of experiences

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6
Q

Stage one of sensorimotor

A

Reflexive schemes (birth-1 month)

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7
Q

Stage two of sensorimotor

A

Primary circular reactions (1-4 months)

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8
Q

Stage three of sensorimotor

A

secondary circular reactions (4-8 months)

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9
Q

Stage four of sensorimotor

A

Coordination of secondary circular movements (8-12 months)

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10
Q

Stage five of sensorimotor

A

Tertiary circular reactions (12-18 months)

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11
Q

Stage six of sensorimotor

A

Mental representations (18 months - 2 years)

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12
Q

Erik Erikson psychosocial crisis resolution

A

During each stage of development, a person experiences a psychological crisis which could have a positive or negative outcome for personality development

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13
Q

Sensitive or Critical Period

A

Optimal time for skills and behaviors to emerge. Humans are highly responsive during this time

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14
Q

Factors in maternal stress

A

exercise, nutrition, stress, blood incompatibility, maternal age and previous births

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15
Q

How do stress hormones affect pregnancy?

A

cross the placenta, causing a dramatic rise in fetal heart rate and activity

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16
Q

how does maternal emotional stress effect pregnancy?

A

Predicts negative emotions in children

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17
Q

Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Systems Theory

A

views the child as developing within a complex system of relationships affected by multiple levels of the surrounding environment.

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18
Q

microsystem

A

Things that directly affect us (ex: child’s family or friends)

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19
Q

mesosystem

A

When two or more microsystems interact (ex: relationship between a child’s siblings and friends)

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20
Q

exosystem

A

consists of environmental elements that greatly affect a child’s development. (ex: parents workplace or parent’s friends)

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21
Q

macrosystem

A

cultural values, laws, customs, and resources

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22
Q

chronosystem

A

changes and continuities occurring over time that influence an individual’s development (CCIID)

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23
Q

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

A

psychological, safety, belongingness and love, esteem, cognitive, aesthetic, self actualization

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24
Q

Dynamic systems perspective

A

Each child’s mind, body, physical and social worlds are constantly interacting with each other to create overall patterns of growth and development

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25
Core knowledge in newborns
physical, linguistic, psychological, numerical
26
APGAR
appearance, pulse, grimace, activity, respiration
27
NAEYC code of conduct
no harming children, nothing that would harm the child, privacy and accuracy
27
reliability
how well a study can be repeated in same or different forms and have similar results or findings
28
validity
does the test or study measure what it intends to measure?
29
longitundial study
Same subjects studied repeatedly at different ages; a number of years or decades
30
cross sectional study
Participants of differing ages or circumstances are all studied at the same time
31
sequential study
Several similar cross- sectional or longitudinal studies are conducted at varying times
32
micro genetic study
Participants are presented with a novel task, and their mastery is followed over a series of sessions.
33
stage 1a of childbirth
dilation and effacement of cervix
34
stage 1b of childbirth
transition
35
stage 2a of childbirth
pushing
36
stage 2b of childbirth
birth
37
stage 3 of childbirth
birth of placenta
38
chromosomes
store and transmit genetic info
39
genes
segments of DNA located along chromosones
40
DNA
substance of which genes and chromosomes are made
41
somatic cells
body cells
42
Gametes
sex cells
43
identical twins
One egg is fertilized, and then splits. The twins will share the same genes
44
Fraternal twins
Two zygotes, two eggs are released and fertilized, each egg has its own 23 pairs of chromosomes
45
concordance
consistency
46
teratogens
any environmental agent that causes damage during the prenatal period
47
The impact or effects of teratogens depend on
Dose, hereditary, age, and other negative factors
48
examples of teratogens
drugs, tobacco, alcohol, radiation, environmental pollution, disease
49
period of the zygote can be best described as
cell division and implantation
50
how long is the period of the embryo?
3rd week to the 8th week
51
How long is the period of the fetus
week 9-birth
52
how long is the period of the zygote?
1-2 weeks
53
how long is human gestation?
38 weeks
54
prenatal diagnostic methods
Amniocentesis, Chorionic villus sampling, Fetoscopy, Ultrasound, Maternal blood analysis, MRI, Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (ACFUMP)
55
low birth weight threshold
< 5.5 pounds
56
children who are 1,501-2,500 grams at birth… (3.4-5.5 lbs)
about 8% have major disabilities and about 11% have minor disabilities
57
children who are 1,001-1,500 grams… (2.2-3.3 lb)
about 14% have major disabilities and 23% have minor disabilities
58
children less than 1,001 grams… (2.2 lbs)
25% have major disabilities and 25% have minor disabilities
59
Preterm infant
born weeks before due date, may be appropriate weight for length of pregnancy
60
Cephalocaudal growth pattern
“Head to tail”, head grows faster than lower part of the body (At birth, the head takes up one- fourth of total body length, the legs only one- third)
61
Proximodistal growth
“near to far”, the head, chest, and trunk grow first; then the arms and legs; and finally the hands and feet
62
Phenotype
directly observable characteristics, a product of both the genotype and the environment
63
Maternal age factors in conception
as women get older, chances of chromosomal abnormalities increase (after 35 the risk drastically increases)
64
Maternal age...
is increasing
65
Factors that compromise socioeconomic status and family functioning
education level of family members, prestige and skill associated with profession, family income
66
active correlations
association between genetics and the environment that a child picks
67
Passive correlations
occurs when children passively inherit the genes and the environments their family provides
68
Evocative correlations
The association between an individual’s genetically influenced behavior and others’ reactions to that behavior.
69
Niche Picking
when children have a consistent choice pattern that complements their heredity
70
Experience dependent growth
Throughout life span we experience specific and purposeful learning events that refine and shape our thinking. (SPLE)
71
Experience expectant growth
Young children’s brains are expecting ordinary daily experiences for typical growth (YCODE)
72
gross motor skills
large movements such as crawling, walking, jumping, running, etc
73
Fine motor skills
activities in which you use the small muscles in your hands and wrists to make precise movements
74
cartalige cells are produce at the
growth plates
75
cartilages are located at the
upper and lower epiphyses
76
classical conditioning
The association between an “unconditioned stimulus” with an “unconditioned or reflexive response” and then a rewarding condition
77
Operant conditioning
the frequency of a behavior can be increased by following it with a wide variety of reinforcers
78
Reinforcer
Increases probability of behavior occurring again by presenting a desirable stimulus or removing an unpleasant stimulus
79
Punishment
Reduces probability of behavior occurring again by presenting an unpleasant stimulus or removing a desirable stimulus
80
sensory register
represents sights and sounds directly and stores them briefly
81
information processing model includes
sensory register, working/short term memory, and long term memory
82
Synapses
spaces between neurons where transmissions are sent via chemical reactions
83
Myelination
neurons develop their myelin sheath
84
Myelin sheath
an insulation around nerves that allows impulses to transmit quickly
85
synaptic pruning
neurons that aren’t stimulated lose their synapses
86
underextension
applying words too narrowly
87
overextension
applying words too broadly
88
Affordances
"action possibilities" that a situation offers an organism (ex: pressing a button)

Child Development (13 decks)

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