midterm Flashcards
(110 cards)
1
Q
the science that deals with the study of disease
A
pathology
2
Q
when pathologist study the underlying cause of disease
A
etiology
3
Q
when pathologist study the origin and development of a disease
A
pathogenesis
4
Q
the division of pathology that deals with the specific features in relation to particular organs or organ systems
A
special pathology
5
Q
the division of pathology that deals with the study of structural changes in the body caused by disease
A
pathological anatomy
6
Q
a postmortem examination of the organs and tissues of a body to determine cause of death of pathological condition
A
autopsy
7
Q
any injury or disease that produces a physiological derangement in the body that results in the death of an individual
A
cause of death
8
Q
the division of pathology that deals with the study of changes in structure of the body that are readily seen with the unaided eye as a result of a disease
A
gross pathology
9
Q
a circumscribed area of pathologically altered tissue; an injury or wound
A
boils, moles, or tumors
10
Q
identifies how the cause of death came about; reflected on death certificates as natural, homicide, suicide, or accident
A
manner of death
11
Q
the division of pathology that deals with the study of microscopic changes that cells, tissues, and organs undergo as a result of disease
A
histopathology
12
Q
the division of pathology that deals with the study of disease to ascertain cause and manner of death
A
medicolegal (forensic) pathology
13
Q
the mortality rate from all causes of death for a population
A
crude mortality rate
14
Q
the term denoting the identification of a disease or syndrome; to recognize the nature of disease
A
diagnosis
15
Q
the branch of medicine which deals with the incidence, distribution, and possible control of disease and other factors relating to health
A
epidemiology
16
Q
increase in severity of a disease
A
exacerbation
17
Q
any injury or illness that occurs as a result of medical care
A
iatrogenic
18
Q
disease or condition which arises spontaneously or for which the cause is unknown
A
idiopathic
19
Q
number of deaths among children <1 year of age during a given time interval
A
infant mortality rate
20
Q
number of deaths in a given time of place or population of deaths to a population
A
mortality rate
21
Q
number of cases per year of certain diseases in relationship to the population in which they occur
A
morbidity rate
22
Q
infection acquired in a healthcare setting
A
nosocomial
23
Q
number of cases of disease present in a specific population at a given time
A
prevalence
24
Q
prediction of the outcome of disease
A
prognosis
25
reappearance of symptoms after a period of remission
recurrent
26
abnormal protein produced in bone marrow; starch like protein that is deposited in the liver, kidneys, spleen, or other tissues in certain diseases
amyloid
27
embalmers will encounter this condition in the arteries; fine, white granules or clumps that feel like gritty deposits
calcification
28
acute reversible change resulting as a response to nonlethal injuries; occurs when cells are unable to maintain ionic and fluid stability
cellular swelling
29
the deterioration of tissues with corresponding functional impairment as a result of disease of injury
degeneration
30
fatty degeneration is the accumulation of ___ in the cytoplasm of parenchymal cells
triglycerides
31
common form of arthritis that causes swelling and pain in some of the body's joints; usually in the big toe
gout
32
the passage and accumulation of a substance into cells, tissues, or organs
infiltration
33
commonly known as age pigment; yellowish brown pigment found in increased amounts of nerve, cardiac, and liver cells as they age
lipofuscin
34
normal or pathological coloration of skin or tissue
pigmentation
35
an occupational lung disease and a restrictive lung disease caused by the inhalation of dust, often in mines and from agriculture
pneumoconiosis
36
wasting away or decrease in the size of an organ or tissue; a shrinkage in the size of a cell by the loss of cell substance
atrophy
37
lysosomes within the cell breakdown cellular structures; self digestion of the cell
autolysis
38
caused by different infections in the body; form of cell death in which the tissue maintain a cheese like appearance
caseous
39
wet gangrene may have a crackling sound known as ___ when it is touched due to presence of gas in tissue
crepitation
40
tissue becomes dehydrated if the blood supply to the impacted area is reduced; tissue becomes black, dry, wrinkled, and greasy to touch; also known as ischemic gangrene
dry gangrene
41
abnormal development of tissue
dysplasia
42
the death of body tissue due to either lack of blood flow to impacted area or a serious bacterial infection
gangrene
43
bacterial infection that produces gas in tissues in gangrene; usually caused by clostridium perfringens bacteria
gas gangrene
44
increase in the size of a tissue or organ; also increase in the number of cells present
hyperplasia
45
enlargement of an organ or structure due to the increase in the size of the cells
hypertrophy
46
a form of cellular adaptation in which cells regenerate after injury; one cell type is replaced by another cell type that is more capable of withstanding a change in environment
metaplasia
47
pathological death of cells, tissues, and organs while still a part of a living organism (a sequence of structural changes that follow cell death in living tissues)
necrosis
48
replacement of damaged cells with identical cells
regeneration
49
congenitally malformed feature with a fissure along the midline
cleft palate
50
occurs when the diaphragm muscle fails to close during prenatal development, and the contents from the abdomen migrate into the chest through this opening
congenital diaphragmatic hernia
51
when a defective gene causes body secretions to become sticky and thick (due to a salt imbalance) and plug up tubes, ducts and passageways in the lungs and pancreas
cystic fibrosis
52
excessive amounts of cerebrospinal fluid accumulation in the brain
hydrocephalus
53
the decrease in the size of an organ due to the excessive but regulated decrease in the number of its cells
hypoplasia
54
occurs in the groin region; almost all of them are congenital when they present in children
inguinal hernia
55
when the immune system attacks the healthy cells in the body by mistake; these diseases have unknown causes and tend to run in families
autoimmune
56
a disease having rapid and severe onset; usually fatal
fulminating
57
having or showing the symptoms of fever
febrile
58
a rare and heredity condition of total color blindness and sensitivity to light
achromatopsia
59
rare disorder; congenital absence of one or more limbs
amelia
60
the failure of a tissue or an organ to develop normally
aplasia
61
a type of spina bifida characterized by a protrusion of the meninges through a gap in the spine due to a congenital defect
meningocele
62
most severe type of spina bifida; characterized by the protrusion from an opening in the spine fo both the malformed spinal cored and the meninges
myelomeningocele
63
congenital condition in which the proximal portions of the limbs are poorly developed or absent
phocomelia
64
having the presence of one or more extra fingers or toes; common birth defect
polydactylism
65
a structural abnormality that results in the failure of the fetus spine to close properly during the first month of gestation
spina bifida
66
the unexplained death, usually during sleep, of a seemingly healthy baby less than a year old; also know as crib death
sudden infant death syndrome
67
structural abnormality in which superficial blood vessels are enlarged; also known as a strawberry mark
vascular nevus
68
genetic disorder caused by abnormal cell division results in an extra full or partial copy of chromosome 21
down syndrome
69
increase flow of blood in an area of the body; can be active or passive
hyperemia
70
a tissue reaction to irritation, infection, or injury marked by localized heat, swelling, redness, pain, and sometimes loss of function
inflammation
71
the passage of dark tarry stools containing decomposing blood; usually indicates bleeding in the upper part of the digestive tract
melena
72
generalized edema in subcutaneous tissue
anasarca
73
accumulation of free serous fluid in the abdominal cavity
ascites
74
the movement of an organism in response to a chemical stimulus (ex. when white blood cells move to an area of inflammation)
chemotaxis
75
bluish discoloration of the fingernails, skin, or mucous membrane due to the lack of oxygen
cyanosis
76
any fluid released from the body through blood vessels or an organ, and has a high concentration of protein, cells or solid debris; oozes through the tissues into a cavity
exudate
77
escape of blood from the vascular system due to diseases of the blood, vascular disease, hypertension, or trauma
hemorrhage
78
escape of blood from vessel due to the passage of blood cells through intact but functionally damaged blood vessel walls; classified according to the size of the hemorrhagic spot
hemorrhage per diapedesis
79
escape of blood from vessel due to rupture or tearing; significant defect in the vascular wall; classified according to the amount and area in which it occurs
hemorrhage per rhexis
80
obstruction of the blood supply to an organ or region of tissue typically by a thrombus or embolus, causing local death of the tissue
infarction
81
extravascular blood discoloration visible as purplish hemorrhages or the skin; appear as pinpoint dots
petechiae
82
when neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages engulf and destroy microorganisms, other foreign antigens, and cell debris
phagocytosis
83
involving or relating to the production of pus
pyogenic
84
clear, thin, and watery substance that is rich in protein; contains white blood cells; normal during the inflammatory stage of wound healing
serous
85
superficial bleeding under the skin or a mucous membrane; a bruise
ecchymosis
86
the sudden obstruction of a blood vessel by debris (ex. blood clots, plaque, bacteria, amniotic fluid); life threatening
embolism
87
bleeding from the nose
epistaxis
88
loss of blood to the point where life may no longer be sustained
exsanguination
89
the formation of a blood clot; common due to damage to the endothelial lining of a blood vessel
thrombosis
90
decrease in the diameter of a vessel to isolate contaminant and protect surrounding tissue
vasoconstriction
91
leukopenia is a decrease in the number of ___; neutrophils are most frequently affected; drugs or bone marrow likely causes
white blood cells
92
having a condition of a low blood platelet count; usually associated with leukemia or an immune system problem; can be a side effect of taking certain medications
thrombocytopenia
93
pernicious anemia is a condition that occurs when a substance secreted by the stomach (hydrochloric acid) that enables the body to absorb ___ is absent main cause is gastric atrophy; prevalent in caucasians between the ages of 40-80 years old
vitamin B12
94
a malignant tumor formed from glandular structure; most common type of lung cancer especially among women and nonsmokers
adenocarcinomas
95
condition in which there is a reduction in the number of circulating red blood cells; the transport of oxygen is decreased; not a disease but a symptom of various diseases; two categories
anemia
96
a cyst is a ___ sac or pouch with a definite wall that contains fluid, semi fluid, or slid material (pus or other material); within or on body surface; can contain air
closed
97
rhabdomyomas are the most common primary cardiac tumors in fetus, neonate, and young child; result of excessive growth of muscles ___ within the muscular walls of the heart
elements
98
cheese like material found under the skin formed from skin secretions; product of swollen hair follicles or trauma to skin; painless normally unless inflamed
sebaceous cysts
99
chronic and heredity condition due to the presence of a large number of crescent red blood cells; hemoglobin A is replaced by hemoglobin S; prevalent almost exclusively among african americans, native africans, and mediterranean populations
sickle cell anemia
100
second most common skin cancer; arises from the epidermis; may remain isolated in the epidermis; if not related, will penetrate underlying tissues
squamous cell carcinomas
101
spontaneous or excessive bleeding; lack of plasma protein to aid in blood clotting; affects men, transmitted by women
hemophilia
102
cancer of the white blood cells or tissues which synthesize white blood cells; white blood cell count is elevated 10 to 100 times the normal range; categorized by acute or chronic nature and by type of white blood cells affected
leukemia
103
a birthmark or a mole on the skin, especially a birthmark in the form of a raised red patch
nevus
104
an increase in the number of white blood cells in the blood; associated with a reactive change in blood; generally caused by presence of infection
leukocytosis
105
a tumor that invades surrounding tissues; usually capable of producing metastases; may recur after attempted removal; likely to be fatal if not adequately treated
malignant tumor
106
the abnormal, excessive and uncontrolled multiplication of cells with the formation of a mass or new growth of tissue
neoplasms
107
idiopathic disorder; abnormal high red blood cell count; life shortening disorder involving bone marrow; viscosity of blood causing thrombi
polychythemia vera
108
spontaneous bleeding in subcutaneous tissues associated with thrombocytopenia; common after chemotherapy or radiation therapy
purpura
109
generally not harmful; not recurrent or progressive; remains localized; does not cause extensive tissue damage
benign tumor
110
most common form of skin cancer; most common of all cancers; chronic exposure to sunlight is believed to be the cause of almost all cases of this cancer
basal cell carcinomas
