Midterm Flashcards
(110 cards)
1
Q
Red blood cell
A
Carries oxygen and nutrients to body cells, full of hemoglobin (iron), no nucleus,
2
Q
White blood cells
A
fights pathogens, protects body from diseases, contains a nucleus
3
Q
Platelets
A
helps blood clot
4
Q
Veins
A
Elastic, full of valves to prevent backwards blood flow, usually brings deoxygenated blood from body to heart
5
Q
Capillaries
A
One cell thick, allows for gas exchange and molecules to enter or exit blood flow
6
Q
Arteries
A
Strong, under high pressure from heartbeat, usually bring oxygenated blood from heart to body
7
Q
Why do cells need energy?
A
Cells need ATP to preform life functions
8
Q
Nutrition
A
The ability to obtain and process food
9
Q
Growth
A
The ability to make new cells, get bigger
10
Q
Regulation
A
Coordinate and control body
(endocrine and nervous systems)
11
Q
Respiration
A
Making energy from food
12
Q
Reproduction
A
create offspring
13
Q
Excretion
A
Remove toxic/metabolic wastes from the body
14
Q
Synthesis/assimilation
A
To make and use materials needed for the body
15
Q
Transport
A
to circulate materials within the body
16
Q
Homeostasis
A
To keep the internal environment stable
17
Q
Metabolism
A
The sum of all the life functions
18
Q
Cell theory
A
All cells come from pre-existing cells, Cells are the basic unit of structure and organization, All living things are made up of cells
19
Q
Exceptions to cell theory
A
Mitochondria, chloroplast, first cell, viruses
20
Q
Which variable is measured?
A
Dependent
21
Q
Which variable is changed?
A
Independent
22
Q
Nucleus
A
Control center of the cell
23
Q
Ribosome
A
Protein synthesis, found on rough endoplasmic reticulum
24
Q
Endoplasmic reticulum
A
Transports materials around the cell, packs protiens
25
Cytoplasm
Holds all organelles in place
26
Centioles
Only in animal cells, aids in reproduction
27
Lysosome
only in animal cells, contain enzymes that break down nutrients
28
Chloroplast
Only in plant cells, converts sunlight to energy
29
Mitochondria
Converts food to ATP, makes energy
30
Active transport
Low-->high, against concentration gradient, uses energy, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, exocytosis,
31
Passive transport
High-->low, follows concentration gradient, energy is not used, osmosis, diffusion, facilitated diffusion
32
Hypotonic
Cell swells as water rushes in, if distilled water is added to a cell
33
Hypertonic
Cell shrivels/shrinks as water leaves, if salt solution is added to a cell
34
Water flows into the solution with ____ water
(Low to high or high to low)
less, high to low because it is osmosis which is passive transport
35
All macromolecules are... Organic or Inorganic?
Why?
Organic because they all contain Carbon and Hydrogen
36
Carbohydrate
Monomer is monosaccharide, function is short term energy, structure is a hexagon, CHO
37
Lipid
Monomer is 3 fatty acids and one glycerol (E), functions are long term energy and insulation, CHO
38
Neucleic acids
Monomer is nucleotide, functions are to store hereditary information, RNA, DNA, CHONP
39
Protien
Monomer is amino acid, functions are to support and protect body and make hormones, enzymes, makes up cell membrane, CHON
40
Hydrolysis
Adding a water molecule to break up a compound
41
Dehydration synthesis
Removing a water molecule to bind 2 compounds together, produces 1 H2O and 1 compound
42
Can starch leave the cell?
No because it is too large to fit through the cell membrane
43
Carbohydrate digestion begins in the ____ and ends in the ___
mouth (amylase) and Small intestine
44
Protein digestion begins in the ____ and ends in the ___
Stomach (rennin, pepsin) and SI
45
Where is energy stored
In chemical bonds
46
Lipid digestion begins in the __ and ends in the ___
Small Intestine, Small intestine
47
How do proteins differ?
Number and sequence of amino acids, shape, function
48
Where are nutrients absorbed in digestion?
Villi of small Intestine
49
What digestion takes place in the large Intestine?
Mechanical- some water is absorbed and wastes are formed into feces
50
Peristalsis
Occurs in esophagus and intestines, smooth muscle moves food down digestive tract in involuntary contractions
51
Enzymes
Proteins, speed up rate of reactions, affected by temp, pH, concentration of solution, can be denatured by pH outside of optimal pH and won't be able to work again
52
Right side of heart
Deoxygenated, blood comes from body thru sup and inf vena cava, to right atrium, thru bicuspid valve, thru right ventricle, out thru pulmonary artery to lungs
53
Left side of heart
Oxygenated, blood comes from lungs and leaves to go to body through the aorta
54
Locomotion
the ability to move from place to place
55
Tendons
Tough connective tissue, muscles-->bones
56
Ligaments
Elastic, strong connective tissue, bone-->bone
57
Cartilige
Flexible tissue that cushions joints and absorbs impacts, found in ears and nose also
58
Bones
work as anchors for muscle or act upon, support and protect the body
59
Muscles
work in pairs to move bones
60
Smooth muscle
Involuntary, not striated
61
Cardiac muscle
Involuntary, striated, branching, controls heartbeat
62
Skeletal muscle
Voluntary, striated, allows animals to move
63
Order of respiratory system in lungs
Trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli
64
Alveoli
small sacs in lungs, wrapped in capillaries to allow for oxygen to exchange with carbon dioxide
65
If salt water is added to a cell, it will ___
Shrivel because it is a hypertonic solution so the water will leave
66
What is more acidic, stomach or Small Intestine
Stomach- pH is 2 or 3
67
White blood cells work to protect the body by
recognizing antigens present on invaders
68
Peptide bonds are found in
protiens
69
Iodine tests for
starch and it turns purple if starch is present
70
Benedict solution tests for
Glucose and will change from blue to red/orange
71
Aerobic resp
Glucose+oxygen--> Carbon Dioxide+36 ATP+water
72
Anaerobic respiration
Glucose--> 2 pyruvic acids--> 2 lactic acids+ 2 ATP
73
What are the end products of Aerobic respiration?
36 ATP, 6 CO2, 6 H2O
74
Alcohol fermentation (can't be undone)
C6H12O6 (Glucose) --> 2 C3H6O3 (Pyruvic acids)
--> 2 ethanol + 2 CO2
75
ATP vs ADP
ATP has 3 phosphates and once the bond between phosphate 2 and 3 is broken, energy is released and it turns into ADP
76
Role of Skin
Sweat out wastes and regulate body temperature
77
Liver
filters blood, removes toxic wastes, makes urea, makes bile
78
Kidney
filters wastes (urea, some water, some salt) from blood,
79
Loop of henle
The point in the nephrons where some water, some salt, glucose are reabsorbed back into the blood
80
Glomerulus
Stops protein from entering nephron, first site of filtration in kidneys
81
Bowmans capsule
surrounds glomerulus, filters blood
82
Prophase
first phase of mitosis, chromosomes become chromatin, spindle fibers form, nucleus membrane dissolves
83
Metaphase
Chromatin all line up at center of cell and are connected to spindle fibers
84
Anaphase
Spindle fibers pull chromatin to the poles of the cell, centrioles travel to poles of cells
85
Telophase
nuclear membrane reforms, The cell splits into 2 equal sized genetically identical cells
86
How is a synapse bridged?
A neurotransmitter is sent from the axon terminal to the dendrite of a post synaptic neuron
87
If you burned your hand, how would you react
A reflex= you wouldn't think about it, your body would immediately do it
Your receptors on your hand would send a message to the sensory Neuron, then to the interneuron, then the motor neurons would move your hand
88
Interneuron
Send messages between motor and sensory neurons
89
Central nervous system
Brain and Spinal cord
90
Cerebellum
Bottom of brain, responsible for coordination and balance
91
Cerebrum
Center for thoughts, memory, and all voluntary actions
92
Medulla
Under brain, controls all involuntary actions
93
What causes muscle fatigue?
buildup of lactic acid in muscles
94
Digestion is a ____ reaction
hydrolysis
95
Examples of mechanical digestion
chew (mouth), Churn (stomach), forming feces (Large int)
96
Examples of chemical Digestion
Amylase/saliva (mouth), HCL (stomach), Bile (small int)
97
Bile
Made by liver and stored in gallbladder, helps emulsify (break down into droplets) fats/lipids
98
HCL (hydrochloric acid)
produced by stomach lining, very acidic, breaks down food, activates enzymes, kills bad bacteria
99
Pancreas
Makes enzymes and secretes them into the digestive tracts (chemical Digestion)
100
Too many WBC cause
Leukemia
101
Not enough RBC causes
Anemia
102
No platelets would cause your blood to
Not clot and you could bleed out easily
103
The cellular process which uses oxygen and sugar to produce energy is called
Cellular respiration
104
Cellular respiration and photosynthesis are
opposite chemical equations
105
Graduated cylindar
used to measure volume
106
balance
measures mass
107
What is the polymer of carbohydrates?
Polysaccharides (ex: starch)
108
Gogli bodies
Modify protiens,
109
lysosomes
only in animal cells, makes enzymes
110
WHat makes up the cell membrane?
Lipids and protiens
