MidTerm 2 Flashcards by M H

roles of actin

muscle fibers
microvilli
projections (gut)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

roles of microtubules

mechanical support
cytoplasm organization
transport
motility - digestion
chromosomal segregation

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

intermediate filaments

lamins

structural

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

subunits of actin

G-actin monomer
F-actin fibers
Arp2/3 - nucleating/branch
formin - nucleating/head

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

subunits of microtubules

aB heterodimers
G turc
centrosome
GTP tubulin
GDP tubulin
cap of GTP tubulin

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

_______ is hard, _________ is easy

nucleation, elongation

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

intermediate filaments subunits

monomer
coiled-coil dimer
staggered tetramer
two tetramers

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

intermediate filament polarity (micro/macro)

polar/ non-polar

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

microtubule polarity (micro/macro)

polar/polar

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

actin polarity (micro/macro)

polar/polar

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

nucleating element of microtubules

G turc

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

nucleating element of actin

formin and Arp2/3

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

myosin walks on _______ in the ______ direction

actin , positive

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

formin adds subunits to the _____ end, and then filament extends to the ______ direction, and grows to the ______ direction

positive, negative, negative?

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what causes dynamic instability?

the GTP tubulin dimers hydrolyze into GDP, and lose stability

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what are the benefits of dynamic instability?

“search and capture” mode, where they explore until they find their destination

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

microtubule motor proteins and direction

dynine - negative

kinesin - positive

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

dynine purpose

motor protein, carries vesicles etc., cilia, flagella

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

kinesin purpose

motor protein, axonal transport etc.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what role does actin play in mitosis?

the contractile ring

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what role do microtubules play in mitosis?

chromosomal organization

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

myosin power stroke steps

release - ATP binds
reach - ATP hydrolysis
bind - Pi released
power stroke - ADP released

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

another name for H+

proton

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

if you remove an electron from hydrogen, you get…

a proton

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

H+ is purely____

acidic

pH stands for ______

power of hydrogen

pH of 7 is _____

neutral

hexokinase

enzyme that catalyzes breakdown of glucose to glucose 6 phosphate

substrates can bind through what bonds

ionic, hydrogen and covalent

a catalyst will ______ a reaction

speed up

does catalysis change delta G

two factors that determine the rate of a reaction

activation energy and concentration

an irreversible reaction has a _____ delta G going backwards

positive

if a reaction is reversible, it's likely that delta G is _________

very small

reversible reactions generally proceed in the direction of _________

lower concentration

Glycolysis input

glucose, 2 ATP, 2 NAD+

Glycolysis output

2 pyruvate, 4 ATP, 2 NADH

Glycolysis location

cytoplasm

Fermentation input

2 pyruvate, 2 NADH

Fermentation output

2 lactate, 2 NAD+

Fermentation location

cytoplasm

CAC input

acetyl CoA / oxaloacetate, FAD, GDP, 3 NAD+

CAC output

3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 1 GTP, 2 Co2

CAC location

matrix

ETC input

NADH, FADH2 (electrons)

ETC output

ATP, NAD+, FAD

ETC location

inner mito. membrane

Glucose carbon number

Fructose 1,6 biphosphate carbon number

G3P carbon number

1,3 BPG carbon number

pyruvate carbon number

acetyl CoA carbon number

oxaloacetate carbon number

citrate carbon number

ketogenesis

starvation response, triggered by glucagon

does ketogenesis make the blood acidic?

YES! it releases ketones, which are acidic

3-phosphoglycerate number of carbons

citrate carbon number

to get G3P molecules we______

isomerize

citrate is made from _____ + ______`

acetyl CoA + oxaloacetate

poly uria

excessive urination

polydipsia

excessive thirst

polyphagia

increased appetite

are intermediate filaments polar

subunits yes, but not the macro

hexokinase

enzyme that phosphorylates hexoses (glucose) , making glucose 6-phosphate

TGF Beta downstream and role in dev

influence gene expression as tf, stimulates cell growth

WnT downstream and role in dev

gene expression as tf, cell-cell adhesion(bcat-cadherin), cell polarity (frizzled --> rho-->actin)

Hh (hedgehog) downstream and role in dev

gene expression as tf, limb bud diff, floorplate formation of neural tube

Nodal

TGF beta signal that is involved in left/right determination

GPCR downstream and role in dev

ion channels in neurons, gene regulation through other proteins ex: odorants, adrenaline, glucagon

what signal pathway does glucagon use?

GPCR (G protein)

adrenaline pathway

GPCR

RTK (receptor tyrosine kinase) downstream and role in dev

cell cycle control, changes in expression, ie insulin other mitogens

is insulin a mitogen

yes

name one mitogen

insulin

Delta/Notch downstream and role in dev

cell differentiation around neurons, gene expression by tf, keeps adjacent cells from becoming neurons

phosphoglycerate kinase

enzyme for ADP to ATP or reverse

ATP synthhase

enzyme that generates ATP in the ETC from the proton electrochemical gradient. It acts like a hydraulic generator, spinning a wheel with the protons and generating ATP from ADP

proteins destined for the plasma membrane have what kind of sequences?

"stop and/or start transfer" sequences

If you tmp has its N terminus in the cytoplasm, does it have a signal sequence?

Can you have two start/stop sequences in a row, in a tmp?

proteins destined for the cytosol are translated by what kind of ribosomes?

free ribosomes

proteins destined for a plasma membrane or for secreation are translated associated with what organelles?

ribosomes attached to the ER

What directs the polypeptide and its associated ribosome to the ER membrane?

SRP (signal recognition particle) binds to the signal sequence on the polypeptide and directs proteins to the ER

What is the cytochrome oxidase complex and what does it do?

3rd step in ETC, located in the inner membrane of mitochondria. Is an active transporter, moving protons into the inter membrane space against the electrochemical gradient

How does cyanide break respiration?

Cianide inhibits the cytochrome oxidase complex in step 3 of ETC, which eventually inhibits NADH production in the CAC, halting the ETC and leading to a decrease in ATP production

what binds the cells in cell-cell adhesion?

cadherin

the protein from the WnT signal, beta-catenin, also activates _______, a molecule that provides cell-cell adhesion

cadherin

molecule that binds cells in cell-cell adhesion

protease that cleaves notch

presinilin

protease that cleaves notch

APP

alzheimers precursor protein

how does presinilin lead to alzheimers

mutated presinilin cuts APP in the wrong spot, so it doesn't degrade, and instead collects and forms amyloid plaques

cadherin is involved in _______ junctions

desmosome

Frizzled activates Rho and causes

cell polarization

what causes cell polarization

Frizzled activates Rho

what do APC and APC have in common?

they both degrade their target

desmosome

connecting fibers between cells