MidTerm Final Push 2 Flashcards
1
Q
myosin power stroke steps
A
- release - ATP binds
- reach - ATP hydrolysis
- bind - Pi released
- power stroke - ADP released
2
Q
Glycolysis input
A
glucose, 2 ATP, 2 NAD+
3
Q
Glycolysis output
A
2 pyruvate, 4 ATP, 2 NADH
4
Q
Glycolysis location
A
cytoplasm
5
Q
Fermentation input
A
2 pyruvate, 2 NADH
6
Q
Fermentation output
A
2 lactate, 2 NAD+
7
Q
Fermentation location
A
cytoplasm
8
Q
CAC input
A
acetyl CoA / oxaloacetate, FAD, GDP, 3 NAD+
9
Q
CAC output
A
3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 1 GTP, 2 Co2
10
Q
CAC location
A
matrix
11
Q
ETC input
A
NADH, FADH2 (electrons)
12
Q
ETC output
A
ATP, NAD+, FAD
13
Q
ETC location
A
inner mito. membrane
14
Q
Glucose carbon number
A
6
15
Q
Fructose 1,6 biphosphate carbon number
A
6
16
Q
G3P carbon number
A
3
17
Q
1,3 BPG carbon number
A
3
18
Q
pyruvate carbon number
A
3
19
Q
acetyl CoA carbon number
A
2
20
Q
oxaloacetate carbon number
A
4
21
Q
citrate carbon number
A
6
22
Q
ketogenesis
A
starvation response, triggered by glucagon
23
Q
does ketogenesis make the blood acidic?
A
YES! it releases ketones, which are acidic
24
Q
3-phosphoglycerate number of carbons
A
3
25
citrate carbon number
6
26
to get G3P molecules we______
isomerize
27
citrate is made from _____ + ______`
acetyl CoA + oxaloacetate
28
poly uria
excessive urination
29
polydipsia
excessive thirst
30
polyphagia
increased appetite
31
are intermediate filaments polar
subunits yes, but not the macro
32
hexokinase
enzyme that phosphorylates hexoses (glucose) , making glucose 6-phosphate
33
TGF Beta downstream and role in dev
influence gene expression as tf, stimulates cell growth
34
WnT downstream and role in dev
gene expression as tf, cell-cell adhesion(bcat-cadherin), cell polarity (frizzled --> rho-->actin)
35
Hh (hedgehog) downstream and role in dev
gene expression as tf, limb bud diff, floorplate formation of neural tube
36
Nodal
TGF beta signal that is involved in left/right determination
37
GPCR downstream and role in dev
ion channels in neurons, gene regulation through other proteins ex: odorants, adrenaline, glucagon
38
what signal pathway does glucagon use?
GPCR (G protein)
39
adrenaline pathway
GPCR
40
RTK (receptor tyrosine kinase) downstream and role in dev
cell cycle control, changes in expression, ie insulin other mitogens
41
is insulin a mitogen
yes
42
name one mitogen
insulin
43
Delta/Notch downstream and role in dev
cell differentiation around neurons, gene expression by tf, keeps adjacent cells from becoming neurons
44
phosphoglycerate kinase
enzyme for ADP to ATP or reverse
45
ATP synthhase
enzyme that generates ATP in the ETC from the proton electrochemical gradient. It acts like a hydraulic generator, spinning a wheel with the protons and generating ATP from ADP
46
proteins destined for the plasma membrane have what kind of sequences?
"stop and/or start transfer" sequences
47
If you tmp has its N terminus in the cytoplasm, does it have a signal sequence?
no
48
Can you have two start/stop sequences in a row, in a tmp?
no
49
proteins destined for the cytosol are translated by what kind of ribosomes?
free ribosomes
50
proteins destined for a plasma membrane or for secreation are translated associated with what organelles?
ribosomes attached to the ER
51
What directs the polypeptide and its associated ribosome to the ER membrane?
SRP (signal recognition particle) binds to the signal sequence on the polypeptide and directs proteins to the ER
52
What is the cytochrome oxidase complex and what does it do?
3rd step in ETC, located in the inner membrane of mitochondria. Is an active transporter, moving protons into the inter membrane space against the electrochemical gradient
53
How does cyanide break respiration?
Cianide inhibits the cytochrome oxidase complex in step 3 of ETC, which eventually inhibits NADH production in the CAC, halting the ETC and leading to a decrease in ATP production
54
what binds the cells in cell-cell adhesion?
cadherin
55
the protein from the WnT signal, beta-catenin, also activates _______, a molecule that provides cell-cell adhesion
cadherin
56
cadherin
molecule that binds cells in cell-cell adhesion
57
protease that cleaves notch
presinilin
58
presinilin
protease that cleaves notch
59
APP
alzheimers precursor protein
60
how does presinilin lead to alzheimers
mutated presinilin cuts APP in the wrong spot, so it doesn't degrade, and instead collects and forms amyloid plaques
61
cadherin is involved in _______ junctions
desmosome
62
Frizzled activates Rho and causes
cell polarization
63
what causes cell polarization
Frizzled activates Rho
64
what do APC and APC have in common?
they both degrade their target
65
desmosome
connecting fibers between cells
