MidTerm 2 Review

Question 1

The major function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum in muscle contraction is to ____.

a. Make and store phosphocreatine
b. Synthesize actin & myosin myofilaments
c. Provide a source of myosin for the contraction process
d. Regulate intracellular calcium concentration
e. Produce the ATP required for actin-myosin interaction

Answer 1

d. Regulate intracellular calcium concentration

Question 2

The muscle cell membrane is called the ___.

a. Endomysium
b. Sarcolemma
c. Perimysium
d. Epimysium

Answer 2

b. Sarcolemma

Question 3

_____ are cartilaginous joints.

a. Syndesmoses
b. Sutures
c. Synchondroses
d. Gomphoses

Answer 3

c. Synchondroses

Question 4

What produces the striations of a skeletal muscle cell?

a. A difference in the thickness of the sarcolemma
b. The arrangement of myofilaments
c. The sarcoplasmic reticulum
d. The T tubules

Answer 4

b. The arrangement of myofilaments

Question 5

Which of the following are composed of myosin?

a. Thick filaments
b. Thin filaments
c. All myofilaments
d. Z discs

Answer 5

a. Thick filaments

Question 6

Which of the following surrounds the individual muscle cell?
a. Perimysium
b. Endomysium
c. Epimysium
d. Fascicle

Answer 6

b. Endomysium

Question 7

During muscle contraction, myosin cross bridges attach to which active sites?

a. Myosin filaments
b. Actin filaments
c. Z discs
d. Thick filaments

Answer 7

b. Actin filaments

Question 8

The term aponeurosis refers to ____.

a. The bands of myofibrils
b. A sheetlike indirect attachment to a skeletal element
c. The rough endoplasmic reticulum
d. The tropomyosin-troponin complex

Answer 8

b. A sheetlike indirect attachment to a skeletal element

Question 9

The contractile units of skeletal muscles are ___.

a. Microtubules
b. Mitochondria
c. T tubules
d. sarcomeres

Answer 9

d. sarcomeres

Question 10

Muscle tissue has all of the following properties except ____.
a. Secretion
b. Contractility
c. Extensibility
d. Excitability

Answer 10

a. Secretion

Question 11

A fibrous joint that is a peg-in-socket is called a _____ joint.
a. Syndesmosis
b. Suture
c. Synchondrosis
d. Gomphosis

Answer 11

d. Gomphosis

Question 12

Which of the following statements do you know is true?

a. Cardiac muscle cells have many nuclei
b. Smooth muscle cells have T tubules
c. Skeletal muscle cells are long & cylindrical with many nuclei
d. Cardiac muscle cells are found in the heart & large blood vessels

Answer 12

c. Skeletal muscle cells are long & cylindrical with many nuclei

Question 13

Muscle tone is ____.

a. The ability of a muscle to efficiently cause skeletal movements
b. The feeling of well-being following exercise
c. A state of sustained partial contraction
d. The condition of athletes after intensive training

Answer 13

c. A state of sustained partial contraction

Question 14

Which of these is NOT a way of classifying muscles?

a. Muscle location
b. The type of muscle fibers
c. The type of action they cause
d. Muscle shape

Answer 14

b. The type of muscle fibers

Question 15

Which of the following describes fascicle arrangement in a pennate muscle?
a. Fascicles are short & attach obliquely to a central tendon that runs the length of a muscle
b. Fascicular pattern is circular
c. Fascicles form a triangle
d. Fascicles are in a fusiform arrangement

Answer 15

a. Fascicles are short & attach obliquely to a central tendon that runs the length of a muscle

Question 16

Which generalization concerning movement by skeletal muscles is NOT true?
a. Muscle produce movement by pulling on bones
b. The bones serve as levers
c. During contraction the two articulating bones move equally
d. The movements produced may be of a graded intensity

Answer 16

c. During contraction the two articulating bones move equally

Question 17

Articular cartilage found at the ends of the long bones serves to _____.
a. Attach tendons
b. Produce RBCs
c. Provide a smooth surface at the ends of synovial joints
d. Form the synovial membrane

Answer 17

c. Provide a smooth surface at the ends of synovial joints

Question 18

Articulations permitting only slight degrees of movement are _____.
a. Amphiarthroses
b. Synarthroses
c. Diarthroses
d. Synovial joints

Answer 18

a. Amphiarthroses

Question 19

A fascicle most closely matches which definition?
a. A single muscle cell (fiber)
b. A portion of muscle bundling multiple cells within connective tissue called perimysium
c. An entire muscle wrapped in epimysium
d. This is another word for sarcolemma

Answer 19

b. A portion of muscle bundling multiple cells within connective tissue called perimysium

Question 20

The gliding motion of the wrist is accomplished because of the _____ joint.
a. Hinge
b. Plane
c. Pivot
d. Condyloid

Answer 20

b. Plane

Question 21

The cell responsible for secreting the matrix of bone is the ________.
a. osteoclast
b. osteocyte
c. chondrocyte
d. osteoblast

Answer 21

d. osteoblast

Question 22

Thoracic vertebrae differ from the other vertebrae in that they have ______
a. transverse foramina
b. facets for attachment of ribs
c. no intervertebral discs
d. no transverse process

Answer 22

b. facets for attachment of ribs

Question 23

The structure of bone tissue suits the function. Which of the following bone tissues is adapted to
support weight and withstand tension stress?

a. spongy bone
b. compact bone
c. irregular bone
d. trabecular bone

Answer 23

b. compact bone

Question 24

What are the small spaces in bone tissue that are holes in which osteocytes live called?

Answer 24

lacunae

Question 25

What makes up the axial skeleton? a. shoulder and pelvic girdles b. arms, legs, hands, and feet c. the skull, vertebral column, and pelvis d. the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage

Answer 25

d. the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage

Question 26

A fracture in the shaft of a bone would be a break in the a. epiphysis b. metaphysis c. articular cartilage d. diaphysis

Answer 26

d. diaphysis

Question 27

Which bone contains diaphysis and epiphysis areas, a tuberosity near its middle, and is proportionally more compact than spongy bone? a. humerus b. cervical vertebra c. parietal bone d. talus

Answer 27

a. humerus

Question 28

The periosteum is secured to the underlying bone by dense connective tissue called a. perforating (sharpey's) fibers b. a bony matrix with hyaline cartilage c. the struts of bone known as spicules d. volkmann's canals

Answer 28

a. perforating (sharpey's) fibers

Question 29

Which structure allows the diaphysis of the bone to increase in length until early childhood, as well as shaping the articular surfaces? a. lacunae b. epiphyseal line c. epiphyseal plate d. haversian system

Answer 29

c. epiphyseal plate

Question 30

Which hormone increases osteoclast activity to release more calcium ions into the bloodstream? a. estrogen b. parathyroid hormone c. thyroxine d. calcitonin

Answer 30

b. parathyroid hormone

Question 31

Which vertebra does not have a body? a. axis b. last lumbar c. atlas d. last cervical

Answer 31

c. atlas

Question 32

Which of the following is an abnormal lateral curvature of the vertebral column often seen in the thoracic region? a. swayback b. kyphosis c. lordosis d. scoliosis

Answer 32

d. scoliosis

Question 33

Yellow bone marrow contains a large percentage of ____ a. Sharpey's fibers b. fat c. elastic tissue d. blood-forming cells

Answer 33

b. fat

Question 34

The process of bones increasing in width is known as_____ a. concentric growth b. long ones reaching adult length and width c. appositional growth d. closing of the epiphyseal plate

Answer 34

c. appositional growth

Question 35

Bones are covered and lined by a protective tissue called periosteum. The inner (osteogenic) layer consists primarily of ______. a. is greater in African Americans than in Northern Europeans B) is slower in females than in males C) reflects incomplete osteon formation and mineralization D) is absolutely uniform throughout the skeleton

Answer 35

C) reflects incomplete osteon formation and mineralization

Question 36

Which of the following is not a function of the skeletal system? A) support B) communication C) production of blood cells (hematopoiesis) D) storage of minerals

Answer 36

B) communication

Question 37

The canal that runs through the core of each osteon (the Haversian canal) is the site of _______ A) yellow marrow and spicules B) osteoclasts and osteoblasts C) cartilage and interstitial lamellae D) blood vessels and nerve fibers

Answer 37

D) blood vessels and nerve fibers

Question 38

Which of the following is the abnormal curve often seen in pregnant women as they attempt to preserve their center of gravity toward the end of the pregnancy? a. scoliosis b. lordosis c. hunchback d. kyphosis

Answer 38

b. lordosis

Question 39

What kind of tissue is the forerunner of long bones in the embryo? A. dense fibrous connective tissue B. Hyaline cartilage C. fibrocartilage D. elastic connective tissue

Answer 39

C. fibrocartilage

Question 40

Cranial bones develop______. a. from a tendon b. from cartilage models c. within fibrous membranes d. within osseous membranes

Answer 40

c. within fibrous membranes

Question 41

The pelvic girdle does not include the _____. a. pubis b. ischium c. sacrum d. ilium

Answer 41

c. sacrum

Question 42

Ossification of the ends of long bones______. a. involves medullary cavity formation b. takes twice as long as diaphysis c. is a characteristic of intramembraneous bone formation d. is produced by secondary ossification centers

Answer 42

d. is produced by secondary ossification centers

Question 43

Which of the following glands or organs produces hormones that tend to decrease blood calcium levels? a. parathyroid b. spleen c. pineal gland d. thyroid

Answer 43

d. thyroid

Question 44

Lengthwise, long bone growth during infancy and youth is exclusively through ______. a. the secretion of bone matrix into the medullary cavity b. differentiation of osteoclasts c. interstitial growth of the epiphyseal plates d. calcification of the matrix

Answer 44

c. interstitial growth of the epiphyseal plates

Question 45

Bones are constantly undergoing resorption for various reasons. Which of the following cells accomplishes this process? a. osteoclast b. stem cell c. osteoblast d. osteocyte

Answer 45

a. osteoclast

Question 46

What is the structural unit of compact bone? a. lamellar bone b. osseous matrix c. spongy bone d. the osteon

Answer 46

d. the osteon

Question 47

For intramembranous ossification to take place, which of the following is necessary? A) The cartilage matrix begins to deteriorate. B) A bone collar forms around the cartilage model. C) An ossification center forms in the fibrous connective tissue. D) A medullary cavity forms

Answer 47

C) An ossification center forms in the fibrous connective tissue.

Question 48

Osteomyelitis is A) partially due to insufficient dietary calcium B) due to pus-forming bacteria C) caused by altered vitamin D metabolism D) literally known as "soft bones"

Answer 48

B) due to pus-forming bacteria

Question 49

Spongy bones are made up of a framework called a. osseous lamellae b. trabeculae c. lamellar bone d. osteons

Answer 49

b. trabeculae

Question 50

Normal bone formation and growth are dependent on the adequate intake of ______. a. potassium, phosphate, and vitamin D b. vitamin D, phosphate, and chloride c. sodium, calcium, and vitamin E d. calcium, phosphate, and vitamin D

Answer 50

d. calcium, phosphate, and vitamin D