Midterm 3

Question 1

what type of process is categorization and activation of a stereotype

Answer 1

automatic

but we can control how, if and when we apply stereotypes

Question 2

valence of stereotypes

Answer 2

assumed to be bad but not necessarily
eg librarians steretoyped as smart
so it would be inaccurate to say that all stereotypes are bad
here is where we must consider the content versus the consequence of a stereotype

Question 3

eagles and rattlers

Answer 3

sherif boys camp study
2 groups based on random assignment of where they lived
named themself
competitive games for two days
plus competition over food (one gorup always got there first and go tht egood pizza) ie lack of resources
prejudice developed
only removed after 5 days by introducing superordinate goals - bus broke down and boys had to work together to push up the hill
implication - what about group haterd lasting 10s or more years…

Question 4

ABCs of stereotyping etc

Answer 4

affect = prejudice (negative feelings)
behaviour = discrimination (negative or harmful behaviour)
cognitive = stereotypes (thoughts/ beliefs)
all this is based soley on their membership of that group

Question 5

causes of prejudice

Answer 5

realistic conflict theory

social identity theory

Question 6

realistic conflict theory explained

Answer 6

cause of prejudice
competition: economic / political / power, whether real or imagined
eg the eagles and rattlers
the holocaust
soldieers and asians after ww2
can resilve by reducing conflict

Question 7

social identity theory

Answer 7

cause of prejudice
group membership is important for self esteem
basking in refelcted glory - we love our team when they win and wear their kit etc
we derogate others to increase our own self worth

Question 8

fein and spencer 1997

Answer 8

need to fill in from textbook
participants in lab, self-esteem thretened
rate how qualified they thought someone was
wearing star of david or crossw
more likey to engage in prejudice behaviour when self-esteem threatened

Question 9

causes of stereotypes

Answer 9

we are cognitive misers - frugal with our mental energy and stereotypes save mental energy

Question 10

how do we use stereotypes

Answer 10

automatically categorize based off age, gender and race (always, potentially obesity too but not sure about this one yet)
in group bias (and minimal group paradigm)
us vs them (minimal group paradigm = takes barely anything at all to set us this us vs them
out group homogeneity = members of the outgroup are more similar to each other than members of the in group
opportunities to learn about the out-group are low
recall specific examples (easier for your own stereotype)
illusisory correlations - when rare events occur must be becuase of the stereotype

Question 11

causes of discrimination

Answer 11

same as stereotyping and prejudice

Question 12

What is discrimination

Answer 12

negative or harmful action based on someon’s group membership

Question 13

automatic processing happens when

Answer 13

we are not motivated or are able to think carefully

will lead to categorization and activation of stereotype

Question 14

when does controlled processing occur

Answer 14

when we are motivated and able to think carefully

application of a stereotype

Question 15

how stereotypes influence how we interpret behaviour

Answer 15

stereotypes influence how we interpret others behaviour
ambiguous behaviours will be interpreted in stereotypical ways (ie stereotypically consistent)
also influence how we perceive others

Question 16

study showing discrimination in how we perceive others

Answer 16

doctor who tells you that you are sick and dying

black doctor rated as less intelligent than white

Question 17

stereotypes and perception

Answer 17

Can directly lead to perceptual errors
eg weapon misidentification study
IV: black or white, tool or gun
DV: errors and reaction time
error rate - blacks holding tools = more error
reaction time - react way quicker to blacks holding a gun, react way slower to blacks holding a tool

Question 18

memory and stereotyped information

Answer 18

memory is better for stereotype consistent information – allport and postman 1947
look at picture in lab, remember as much as you can
razor blade remembered in black hand (was actually in white) as fits the stereotype

Question 19

just name the processes that maintain stereotypes

Answer 19

fundamental attribution error
self fulfilling prophecy
subtyping

Question 20

attributional biases

Answer 20

explanation for someone else’s behaviour - 2 types
internal (dispositional) - personality based explanation
external (situational) - because of the situation the person was in

Question 21

what is the fundamental attribution error

Answer 21

dispositional > situational
the tendency to place more emphasis on dipositional charateristics when explaining ones behaviour compared to situational

Question 22

what two things do attributions depend on

Answer 22

ingroup vs outgroup and positive or negative behaviours

Question 23

what us the ultimate attribution error

Answer 23

behaviour is descirbed in stereotypically consistent ways

Question 24

table explaining the relationship between in group vs outgroup memberships and positive vs negative behaviour

Answer 24

ingroup vs outgroup
positive disp sit
negative sit disp

Question 25

what is the self fullfilling prophecy in these terms

Answer 25

people may act according to stereotypes because of the way others act towards them

Question 26

self fulfilling prophecy study

Answer 26

job interviews Study 1- white interviewers (participant) interviewed black and white candidates - people asked harsher questions to the black interviewees and so were less likely to be hired by the participant study 2: all white interviewees (participant) but interviewers behaviour changed like in the first study. they showed this behaviour change made the participants interview poorly

Question 27

what us subtyping

Answer 27

we make people the exception to the rule | eg hilary from woman to career woman

Question 28

implications of stereotypes and prejudice

Answer 28

blaming the victim - tendency to believe the victim did something to cause it. this allows us to believe in a just world self esteem stereotype threat

Question 29

explain the self esteem implication of stereotypes

Answer 29

can make people feel worse - stigmatized groups particularly challenging for kids recall social identity theory

Question 30

explain stereotype threat

Answer 30

when an individual is threatened by being stereotypes will act in accordance of those stereotypes

Question 31

stereotypes threat experiment

Answer 31

IV race of participant, diagnosticity of the test (ie this test shows men do better than women) DV performance on a test that really does test intelligence (so the participants believe) blacks do much wose shown in many replications

Question 32

why do we think stereotype threat occurs

Answer 32

ability is personally important apprehension can be disruptive distance and axiety leads to bad performance and short term memory

Question 33

why is stereotype threat different to self fulfilling prophecy

Answer 33

no person acts differently towards you in stereotype threat

Question 34

how to reduce prejudice, stereotypes and discrimination

Answer 34

direct persuation is ineffective exposure helps - have to avoid subtyping though using subordinate goals contact hypothesis - interpersonal interaction, must be under the right conditions ie superordinate goals

Question 35

jigsaw classroom

Answer 35

get from textbook

Question 36

look at obedience

Answer 36

will be on midterm 3!

Question 37

what is a group

Answer 37

many different types some more group like than others a group is 2 or more people who interact with each other and are interdependent to some extent

Question 38

why do we need groups

Answer 38

``` evolutionary advantage helps us meet the challenges of survival -protect babies -defend against dangers -efficient searches for food -access to information evolved into a psych need to be with others ```

Question 39

what effect do other people have on us( consequences of groups)

Answer 39

social facilitation - the tendency to do better on simple tasks and worse on complex tasks in the presence of others because their performance can be evaluated eg fishing reel study

Question 40

explain the fishing reel study

Answer 40

kids wound up fishing lines on reels alone or in the presence f others result - children were faster in the mere presence of others

Question 41

social loafing

Answer 41

the tendency to do worse on simple tasks and better on complex tasks in the presence of others because their performance can be evaluated eg rope pulling studies

Question 42

explain the rope pulling studies

Answer 42

made men pull on ropes separately and in groups result - exerted less effort when in a group than individually

Question 43

social facilitation versus loafing

Answer 43

it all strarts with whether efforts can be evaluated by others or not when others can evaluate you, that causes a stressy effect aka arousal arousal increase the likelihood of a dominant response a dominant response is the reaction that can be elicited most quickly and easily by a given stimulus dominant responses are not always correct; it depends on the task

Question 44

table of facilitation vs loafing

Answer 44

both begin with presence of others facilitation: individual efforts can be evaluated arousa dominant reponse tendency increases simple task, dominant response is correct and there is facilitated performance complex task, dominant response is incorrect and there is impaired performance loafing: indiviual efforts cannot be evaluated relaxation dominant response tendency decreases simple task, dominant response is correct and so impaired performance complex task, dominant response is incorrect and so performance is facilitated

Question 45

what is deindividuation

Answer 45

grouping people can change how they behave they do things they may not have done as individuals loss of personal identity become part of the crowd more deviant / daring behaviours less likely to be caught less self-awareness

Question 46

stanford prison experiment

Answer 46

``` 24 males (75 volunteers, these were the chosen ones) -emotionally stavke, healthy, no psyc problems, no police trouble, told not to physically harm one another randomly allocated guard or prisoner as realistic as possible promoted de individuation experiment terminated after 6 days situations effect the way people behave big theme person x situation interaction zimbardo ted talk ```

Question 47

define conformity

Answer 47

a change in ones behaviour due to the real or imagined influence of other people

Question 48

social norms

Answer 48

the implicit or explicit rules a group has for the acceptable behaviours, values and beliefs of its members

Question 49

what is informational social influence

Answer 49

we conform because we see them as a source of information to guide our behaviours, ambiguous situations, understand appropriate response

Question 50

what is normative social influecne

Answer 50

conform in order to be liked and accepted by them, unambiguous, public compliance, not private acceptance

Question 51

sherif 1935 informational social influence study

Answer 51

``` visual effect judge the distance a light travels 5 days days 1-5 (slides) private acceptance - the belief in how far the light has moved ```

Question 52

public compliance versus private acceptance

Answer 52

private acceptance conforming to other people's behaviour out of a genuine belief that what they are doing or saying is right public complicance - conformity to other people's behaviour publicly without necessarily believing in what other people are doing or saying

Question 53

when will people conform to informational social influence

Answer 53

ambiguous situations -my lau crisi situation; smoke in a room expert others - police officers and war of the worlds

Question 54

informational influence occurs

Answer 54

in the presence of ambiguity you assume the presence that other people are behaving / thinking correclty doesn't involve arousal / discomfort (associated with what others are doing)

Question 55

Asch 1956 conformity study

Answer 55

normative influence visual perception task: judge the length of lines multiple confederate; participant is the last one to enter critical trial - everyone says the wrong answer did something to be liked - ie conformed