Midterm 2 - use this other is weird

Question 1

what is the self

Answer 1

no consistent def in the literature
anything beginning with self
inherently subjective

Question 2

ABCs of the self

Answer 2

affect - self esteem, evaluation
behaviour - self regulation, control
cognitive - self concept, presentation

Question 3

how do we know the self

Answer 3

some concepts are intrinsic while others are socially defined
-ie peer group, religion, stuff inherently important to you

Question 4

information about the self comes from

Answer 4

ourselves
social environment
social comparisons

Question 5

what is reflected self perceptions

Answer 5

what others think of us

linked to ToM

Question 6

what is self awareness

Answer 6

cognitive - the act of thinking about ourselves

may be a continuum, non-western kids don’t all fully pass red dot test

Question 7

self awareness study

Answer 7

rouge dot
IV - socialized vs not socialized
mirror vs no mirror
DV - touches of face
only the socialized group increased in touching when given a mirror

Question 8

what does development of the self depend on

Answer 8

species (genes)

environment (culture)

Question 9

theories as to how we know ourself

Answer 9

self perception theory
social comparison theory
motivation

Question 10

explain social perception theory

Answer 10

when our attitudes / feelings are ambiguous, we infer them from our behaviour
we don’t always know how we feel, but we can observe how we act
ie what attitude would cause me to act this way

Question 11

social comparison theory

Answer 11

we learn about our own abilities by comparing ourselves to other peoples (festinger 1954
choice of comparison (upwards or downwards, one is not necessarily better than another)

Question 12

overjustification effect

Answer 12

occurs when an exteral incentive decreases a persons intrinsic motivation to perform a behaviour or participate in an activity

Question 13

why does the overjustification effect occur

Answer 13

people fixate too much on external insentives and not on the fun or enjoyment
motivations are not always clear cut

Question 14

name and explain the four sources of self-motivation

Answer 14

self-improvement - desire to make oneself better
self-enhancement - desire to feel good about oneself
self-assessment - desire to seek info about oneself
self-verification - desire to have consistent info about oneself

Question 15

define self-esteem

Answer 15

affective component of the self

consisting of a persons positive and negative self evaluations

Question 16

how self esteem is measured

Answer 16

rosenberg self-esteem scale
explicit measure
not always diagnostic (most scores are pretty high)
instead look at the pattern of scores (4 lines on graph, always high, always low, then high an low, both with big variablity)
unstable self esteem = different approach needed, counselling etc

Question 17

name the three self esteem theories we talked about in class

Answer 17

contingencies of self worth
sociometer theory
terror management (this one is a bit silly)

Question 18

explain contingencies of self worth

Answer 18

self-esteem can be based on different factors
domain = sources of self-worth (support of family, academic competence etc)
multiple contingencies protect self-esteem

Question 19

explain sociometer theory

Answer 19

self-esteem is an internal monitor of whether we are socially valued
-helps us achieve a need to belong

Question 20

terror management theory of self esteem

Answer 20

acknowledging our own mortality causes anxiety

-self-esteem reduces this anxiety

Question 21

is high self-esteem a good thing?

Answer 21

not always
probably high better than bad
californian school intervention to increase it -we need reliable ways to measure it

Question 22

self control and challenging the self

Answer 22

behavioural component of the self

fixed vs growth mindset

Question 23

what are attitudes

Answer 23

evaluations of people, objects and ideas

summary evaluations

Question 24

explain the tripartie model of attitudes

Answer 24

3 components
affect - how i feel about something
behaviour - how i behave towards something
cognitive - based on thoughts, strong reasoning for your attitudes
the model is about the basis of attitudes
ie affect basis, behavioural basis and cognitive basis
is a summary evaluation ie can have negative cognitive basis but positive affect

Question 25

what are the properties is attitudes (THESE AREN'T BASIS)

Answer 25

valence - liked or disliked extremity - how far from the middle strength

Question 26

strong attitudes have what 3 consequences

Answer 26

more likely to be stable over time they are resistant to change they are predictive of behaviour

Question 27

construct validity and attitudes

Answer 27

big problem question wording leads answers ie how you ask about abortion (do you like killing babies vs saving babies vs womens rights etc) also truthfulness can be an issue in measurement (ie people are racist but know they can't admit it in polite society)

Question 28

implicit measure

Answer 28

``` find an indirect way to measure -involuntary -uncontrollable (ie reaction time) -sometimes unconscious -measured indirectly eg physiological measures (facial EMG), nonverbal behaviour, IAT ```

Question 29

explicit measure

Answer 29

ask attitude directly (we often combine measures so use both implicit and explicit) -consciously endorsed -easily reported -measured directly eg likert scale, rosenberg, semantic differentials

Question 30

to what extent does attitudes predict behaviour

Answer 30

attitude helps, doesn't tell us everything about behaviour though, but its a good go

Question 31

historical ideas on how attitude predicts behaviour

Answer 31

wicker = pointless (killed research for a decade)

Question 32

contemporary understanding of the relationship between behaviour and attitudes

Answer 32

it is a two way street (cyclic) | but we have to measure right (ask how we measure the behaviour - ie as specific, time frame etc)

Question 33

specificty principle

Answer 33

we should measure the attitude the same way we measure the behaviour (think of birth control pills example)

Question 34

how should we measure spontaneous behaviours

Answer 34

use an implicit measure | as they aren't necessarily thinking about it

Question 35

theory of planned behaviours

Answer 35

``` CAN I Behave Control (subjective) Attitude Norms Intentions ```

Question 36

delibertaive behaviours use..

Answer 36

an explicit measure | where CAN I Behave pneumoic works

Question 37

what is persuation

Answer 37

attitude change a method of changing a persons cognitions, feelings, behaviours or general evaluations (attitudes) towards some object issue or person

Question 38

history of persuasive research

Answer 38

WWII - propoganda (money thrown at social psych by gov) developed over time yale = centre, all moved to ohio state who says what to whom and in what context (source, content, audience, how message received ie radio etc)

Question 39

cognitive response approach

Answer 39

how does the recipient think about the message

Question 40

elaboration likelihood model - name and explain the two routes

Answer 40

peripheral -not thinking carefully -low thought -no crticial thinking -focus on superficial characteristics = CUES end result = weaker attitudes central -careful / high thought -influenced by strength and quality of messages arguments -stronger attitudes, more resistant to subsequent change

Question 41

so what is the ELM theory

Answer 41

a theory of when and how attitude change is liekly to occur | critical claim = continuum of elaboratuce (how hard you are thinking) motivation and ability

Question 42

5 things in ELM

Answer 42

``` cues amount of thinking arguments bias thoughts confidence ```

Question 43

what is the multiple roles hypothesis in ELM

Answer 43

one thing can have many roles ie a cue can also be an argument

Question 44

what affects how much we elaborate

Answer 44

``` ability -time pressure -distraction -knowledge -fatigue motivatio -personal relevance -accountability -need for cognition (high = central, low = peripheral) go watch youtube video now please ```

Question 45

what is cognitive dissonance

Answer 45

theory suggesting when we say one thing but do another thing we feel bad and are motivated to change it festinger cognitive dissonance itself is the inconsistency between any two cognitions (produces discomfort and people are motivated to reduce this discomfort)

Question 46

festinger classic study

Answer 46

boring task - rotate peg paid 1 or 20 dollars to lie to next participant and tell them how fun it was =cognitive dissonance formed then asked how fun they really found it IV - payment so how much dissonance is placed DV - how fun did you really find the study

Question 47

20 dollar condition of peg study

Answer 47

``` no dissonance negative study (still said it was boring) ```

Question 48

1 dollar condition of peg study

Answer 48

dissonance! | positive attitudes about study

Question 49

how we reduce disonance

Answer 49

change the attitude change the behaviour justify the behaviour minimise relevance of the behaviour

Question 50

requirements for cognitive dissonance reduction

Answer 50

1. activities must be perceived as inconsistent 2. individual must take responsibility for action 3. individual must experience uncomfortable arousal 4. individual must attribute the arousal to the inconsistency

Question 51

interaction of the message and the perceiver in ELM

Answer 51

different aspects of message have different effects depending on the perceiver

Question 52

what is social influence

Answer 52

``` the ways in which people are affected by the real or imagined presence of others -continuum biggest yield obedience complicance conformity independence assertiveness defiance biggest resistance to influence ```

Question 53

What is obedience

Answer 53

Command from an authority figure | Feel like you cannot say no

Question 54

What is compliance

Answer 54

Direct request Say yes to something because someone asked you Felt like you could have said no but you didn’t / never will..

Question 55

What is conformity

Answer 55

Implicit Not told what to do but it is inferred Ie no one stands at the front to take the lecture

Question 56

Milgram study

Answer 56

You know this don’t need to write again | Fact to remember 65% in the original study went all the way