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PSYC 104 - social > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

define social psychology

A

the scientific study of how the presence of others, whether real or imagined, influences our thoughts, feelings and behaviours

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2
Q 
social psych is not..
philosophy
sociology
abnormal / clinical / counselling psych
personality psych
why what are the differences
A

not philosophy as we have experimental studies
not sociology as we study the reactions of a single person in a gorup, sociology looks at the whole group
not abnormal / clinical / counselling psychwe study the average person
not personality psych as we focus on the situation whereas they study characteristics of the person (but most orgs etc group together)

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3
Q

ABCs of social psych

A

affect - feelings
behaviour
cognition - thoughts

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4
Q

what is subjective construal

A

the way in which people perceive, comprehend and interpret the social world
eg 2 people in the same situation = 2 totally different viewpoints

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5
Q

Scientific method accronym

A

HOMER

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6
Q

scientific method explain

H

A

hypothesize

-develop a research question

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7
Q

what is the hindsight bias and when must we watch for it

A

tendency to think we would have know about events that have happened in the past
must watch when hypothesizing

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8
Q

theory vs hypothesis

A

theory
- broad ideas or collection of facts that may explain a range of behaviours
-very broad
hypothesis
- specific, testable statements that explain a particular behaviour in a particular situation
-multiple hypotheses for the same theory
-must be falsifiable (otherwise not scientific)
eg theory = gravity, hypothesis = stuff falls

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9
Q

scientific method explain

O

A

Operationalize

  • variable defintions
  • psych = a unique field, so we must determine out terms carefully in two ways (conceptual vs operational definitions)
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10
Q

conceptual defintion

A

dictionary definition
broad, conceptual
kinda like theories (general)

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11
Q

Operational definition

A

researcher definition in their study

specific, concrete

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12
Q

how we can evaluate studies on their operational definitions

A

whether thei operational definition matches the conceptual definition

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13
Q

what is construct validity

A

does the conceptual definition match the operational definition
(are they measuring what they think they are)

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14
Q

scientific method explain

M

A

measure

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15
Q

3 measurement strategies

A

observational
correlational
experimental

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16
Q

what is the observational method

A

observe people and systematically record measurements or impressions of their behaviour
purpose = to describe behaviour
2 kinds
-naturalistic (as naturally as it happens, no intervention)
-participants observation (you get involved so might change what is going on)

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17
Q

advantages and disadvantages of the observational method

A

adv
-easy to do
-real world behaviours
-in the lab or the field
dis
-limited (only so much you can see) and time consuming
-how do we observe behaviour without influencing the behaviour itself
-is what we observe accurate (subjective construal)

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18
Q

what is the correlational method

A

NOT CAUSATION
used to predict 1 variable from another
systematically measure and asses the relationship between variables
is a measure of the direction and strength between 2 variables

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19
Q

r scores in correlation (specify when weak, moderate, stong etc)

A

-1 <= r <= 1
sign = direction
-positive, negative and zero
number = strength (0.1 = weak, 0.3 = moderate, 0.5 = strong)

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20
Q

why correlation is not causation

A

A cause B
B cause a
C caused both A and B

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21
Q

what is the experimental method

A

how wer understand causation / test causal claims
gold standard
researchers must randomly assign participants to conditions and controls all other variables
differences between the conditions allow for causal claims

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22
Q

whats is experimental control

A

making sure that only the things that change in an experiment are the independent variables we manipulate

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23
Q

what is a confounded variable

A

variables that change along with the independent variable

extra variables that mess up ability to make causal claims

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24
Q

muller and oppenheimer study on laptops in classrooms study

A

what is better for learning - taking notes by hand or laptop
watch TED talks, filler tasks then test of factual knowledge and conceptual knowledge
results
laptop = verbatim word count - basically copied put word for word, stopped concentrating and didn’t engage in deep processing so both groups = factually but writing group did better at conceptual knowledge test

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25
advantages and disadvantages of the experimental method
``` adv -only way to establish causality dis -we can't do everything -there are some things we cannot randomly assign ```
26
scientific method explain | E
evaluate | demand evidence and think critically
27
4 types of validity and briefly explained
construct - operational definition match concept definition internal - change in IV does cause the change in the DV, the more confounds = less internal validity external - ability to generalise (problem as WEIRD samples in social psych) statistical conclusions validity - did you do the right types of stats and is it possoble these results happened by chance alone
28
scientific method explain | R
revision/ replication if your predictions were confirmed, replicate them if your predictions were disconfirmed, revise them
29
research ethics
important in all science but especially psych sometimes answers are not clear cut (but other times they are!) researchers must be held accuntable for their actions towards humans and non-human animals
30
boards in ethics
human studies = Institutional review board | animals = IAUC
31
human rights in research
informed consent voluntary participation confidentiality (do know who you are but no one else does) / anonymity (researcher doesn't even know who you are)
32
what is the black swan concept in social psych
can never prove a theory to be true (ie prove there are no black swans) without seeing one to disprove don't confirm what you believe -> find a way to break the rule -we seek info that confirms our own beliefs (but this is not the most useful info) here is the three ascending numbers video
33
superficiality vs depth of processing
amount of thinking varies (ie sometimes we think alot and sometimes we don't)
34
accessibility
accessible information has implications | -info accessible to you can have a profound effect on your thoughts, feelings and behaviours
35
conservatism
beliefs are slow to change
36
2 aspects of social cognition
automatic processing | controlled processing
37
what is automatic processing
thinking that is non conscious, unintentional, involuntary and effortless
38
what are schemas
mental structures that people use to organise their knowledge about the social world -influences info people notice, think about and remember eg stereotypes
39
result of us having schemas
can be influenced by culture | useful for social survival
40
functions of schemas
organize and categorize the social world help us deal with ambiguous situations guide how we process information helps is respond to our social environment quickly
41
problems with schemas
can distract what we attend to, what we remember and our judegements can be over-relied on (used too much) can persist even after we discredit them
42
talk through the race and weapons study
white men played a video game where they saw a yound man in various settings the men were white and gun, black and gun, white and wallet, black and wallet task was to shoot if man had a gun and don't shoot if wallet (all as quickly as possible) DV = number of errors made fewer mistakes with whites and more with blacksd quicker and more willing to shoot black target = shooter bias
43
is automatic thinking always correct
no | its the first thing that comes to mind, you may not have time to correct it
44
self-fullfilling prophecy
the tendency for people to act in ways that bring about the very thing they expect to happen - in this instance schema avoids disconfirming evidence by reaching out and making reality conform to it
45
IQ test on kids labelling them bloomers study
fake IQ test to elementary school kids randomly assigned some as bloomers (told teachers who, not kids) bloomers did better on a follow up IQ test = feedback loop proposed
46
proposed feedback loop from bloomers study
teachers expect good performances teacher challenges / encourages student students performance increases teachers expectations are confirmed
47
siblings at school study
used school records | siblings did the same as each other with the same teachers (not with different ones)
48
boys and girls school performances facts and discussion
fact 1 - in middle school, girls out perform boys on reading, math, social studies, writing fact 2 - by high school, boys out perform girls in most areas why? expectations and anxieties of teachers (math anxiety) self-fullfilling prophecy these facts are dissappearing
49
what is the confirmation bias
tendency to interpret, seek and create infor in ways which verify our existing beliefs -how we seek out and attend to info
50
belief perserverance effect
tendency for schemas and other thoughts to persist even after they have been discredited
51
belief perserverance effect study (suicide notes)
written by people who had committed suicide and by researchers given false feedback on whether their guesses were right tried again then told original feedback was wrong asked how good they believed they were people believed they were as good as they were first told (even though they knew this was incorrect)
52
what is confirmatory hypothesis testing
we seek out info to confirm our initial thoughts pay attention to info that confirms ignore info that disconfimrs
53
confirmatory hypothesis testing study (extraversion / introvert study)
half told partner was introverted half told extroverted DV - list of interview questions to chose from those given the introverted schema believed person to be more introverted and vice versa ie chose to ask them questions that matched the personality they were told they were lesson = biased questions lead to biased answers expectations altered the questions the participant selected
54
what is accessibility
the extent to which schemas and concepts are at the forefront of peoples minds and are therefore likely to be used when making judegements about the social world ie if you ask people to not think about a white bear they will do! also dont look down etc
55
what is priming
the process by which recent experiences increase the accessibility of a schema, trait or concept
56
priming study
2 separate studies (not really!) 1 stroop test with positive and negative word lists 2 person perception story about donald who likes all these things... is he adventurous or reckless? do you like donald primed with positive words = adventurous and negative = reckless suggestive evidence that schemas lead to interpretation of ambiguous info
57
priming intelligence study
primed to think about life in the day as a proffessor or football hooligan better performance on trivial pursuit if thought about proffessor
58
replication issues with priming studies
some studies assessing priming have failed to replicate or just show much weaker effects but there is still a reliable effect
59
elderly walking study
primed elderly words eg grey, florida, bingo timed how quickly walked out walked more slowly when primed words were about the elderly failed to replicate just the specific behaviour hasn't replicated, does not mean priming is not an effect eg the words there are very representative of the old today?
60
what are heuristics
mental shortcuts people use to make judgements quikcly and efficiently
61
2 common heuristics
availability | representative
62
what is the availability heuristic
based on the ease with which something comes to mind eg r more common as a third letter of a word or first death by shark or selfie etc
63
what is the representative heuristic
based on how similar something is to the prototype eg linda the bankteller example, go for the less likley option just because of descriptives fit the prototype same as julie's pet
64
what is controlled thinking
thinking that is conscious, intentional, voluntary and effortful must have motivation (personal relevance) and ability to think then can be controlled thinking (so not tired or under time pressure)
65
what is counterfactual thinking
mentally changing some aspect of the past as a way of imagining what might have been eg missing a flight by 3 mins or 3 hours
66
what is thought supression
the attempt to avoid thinking about something we would prefer to forget eg the white bear in class
67
what is the ironic process model
automatic process - searches for the unwanted thought controlled process - creates a thought to distract from the unwanted thought when the controlled process breaks down, the thought becomes even more accessible

PSYC 104 - social (9 decks)

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