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UI 608 Organ Sys Path > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four mechansms of fluid accumulation in cavitary spaces?

A

increased hydrostatic pressure
decreased oncotic pressure
inflammation
lymphatic blockage

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2
Q

What type of myocardial hypertrophy is in response to increased pressure on myofibers?

A

concentric hypertrophy (increased afterload)

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3
Q

What type myocardial hypertrophy is in response to increased volume load?

A

eccentric hypertrophy (dilitation)

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4
Q

What does increased preload lead to in heart myofibers?

A

volume overload –> eccentric hypertrophy

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5
Q

What sided heart failure causes systemic congestion?

A

Right sided

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6
Q

What sided heart failure causes pulmonary congestion?

A

left sided

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7
Q

What is seen in chronic right sided heart failure?

A

nutmeg liver, cavitary edema

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8
Q

Where will the edema be in right sided heart failure in cattle, horses, dogs, and cats?

A

Horses, cattle - subq edema
dogs - ascites
cats - hydrothorax

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9
Q

What are the lesions associated with chronic left sided heart failure?

A

Pulmonary edema, congested alveolar walls, heart failure cells, fibrosis

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10
Q

What is the lesion seen with acute heart failure? (either right or left)

A

just congestion of systemic circulation

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11
Q

What are normal post-mortem changes in the heart?

A 
hemoglobin imbibition (looks like hemorrhage)
intracardiac injection
barbituate solutions - crystal precipitation
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12
Q

What is the sequelae of cardiac tamponade?

A

impedes venous return to the heart by compression of veins and the RS of heart

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13
Q

What are the causes of fibrinous pericarditis in cow, horse, cat, and pig?

A

cow - blackleg, mannheimia haemolytica
horse - strep equi
cat - FIP
pig - polyserositis things, edema disease, mulberry heart dz

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14
Q

What are the possible clinical outcomes of traumatic reticulopericarditis in cows?

A

chronic - fibrous tissue and adhesions –> contrictive pericarditis
acute - septicemia

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15
Q

What is the difference between cardiomyopathy and myocardial hypertrophy?

A

cardiomyopathy - primary and idiopathic

hypertrophy - secondary

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16
Q

What are the 3 possible outcomes of feline hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?

A

stress –> sudden death
thromoembolism
congestive heart failure

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17
Q

How is feline hypertrophic cardiomyopathy diagnosed in cats post mortem?

A

gross - measure cross section of ventricles

microscopy - myofiber disarray

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18
Q

What species get dilated cardiomyopathy? Which one gets it most common?

A

dogs - most common
cats
cattle

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19
Q

What is the cause of dilated cardiomyopathy?

A

cats - taurine deficiency

dogs - heritable, large breeds

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20
Q

How can dilated cardiomyopathy be diagnosed?

A

grossly - globoid shape, double apex of heart

no microscopic lesions

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21
Q

What are the 9 categories of causes of myocardial necrosis? What specific ones do we need to know?

A 
nutritional deficiences - vit E/selenium 
toxic drugs - ionophores, doxorubicin
nutritional toxicities - vit D
Plant toxicity 
other toxins - gossypol, bilster beetles
Uremia
CNS lesions (brain-heart syndrome)
shock/hypoxia
atherosclerosis
viruses - canine parvo
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22
Q

What are the infectious causes of myocarditis?

3 viruses) (2 bacteria) (2 parasites

A 
Canine parvo
porcine encephalomyocarditis virus
west nile virus
clostridium chauveoi
histophilus somni
toxoplasma gondii
neospora caninum
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23
Q

What is the term for myxomatous degeneration of the heart valve?

A

endocardiosis (only dogs)

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24
Q

What species are affected by endocarditis?

A

cows and pigs (less dogs)

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25
Q

What are the 4 sequelae of endocarditis?

A

valvular insufficiency –> congestive HF
right side emboli –> pulmonary abscess
left sided emboli - infarction
stenosis of the valve

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26
Q

What predisposes an animal to endocarditis?

A

heart diseases, turbulent blood flow
uremia in dogs - mineral deposits
strongylus vulgaris migration in horses

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27
Q

What is the most common congenital cardiac defect in dog? cattle?

A

dog - pulmonic stenosis

cattle - ventricular septal defects

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28
Q

What are the possible secondary changes observed when the heart has congenital valvular stenosis?

A
  1. poststenotic dilation

2. concentric ventricular hypertrophy

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29
Q

What are the 2ndary changes to ventricular septaldefects in cattle?

A

blood flows from left to right –>dilated right venticle and eccentric hypertrophy
concentric hypertrophy on left side
also dilated left ventricle and eccentric hypertrophy

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30
Q

How are VSDs in dogs different from cattle?

A

small, high defect, right sided changes arent seen –> left sided ventricular dilation and eccentric hypertrophy

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31
Q

What is the blood flow like in ASD in dogs? sequelae?

A

left atrium shunts to right ventricle, volume overload –> dilation and eccentric hypertrophy for both sides, but more in the RA for dogs

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32
Q

What is the syndrome caused by chronic heart defects switching back blood from right to left?

A

eisenmengers syndrome, not common in animals

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33
Q

What are the 3 general mechanisms of thrombosis?

A

endothelial injury
alterations in blood flow
hypercoagulability

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34
Q

What are the 2 possible presesntations of HW dz in dogs and what is the MOA?

A

right heart failure - hypertrophy of pulmonary vessels

vena caval syndrome - obstructs venous return to heart and valves

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35
Q

What are 2 possible lesions associated with HW dz in dogs in the pulmonary arteries and kidney?

A 
pulmonary artery endarteritis
membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (ag-ab complexes)
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36
Q

Where does Strongylus vulgaris larvae migrate in the horse?

A

into the intima of cranial mesenteric artery

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37
Q

How does Strongylus vulgaris lead to ischemia/infarcts in the GI tract?

A

endothelial damage, weakening of vessel wall –> aneurysms

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38
Q

What are the 2 infectious causes of vasculitis in a horse?

A

EAV, strongylus vulgaris

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39
Q

What are the 2 infectious causes of vasculitis in a cow?

A

malignant catarrhal fever, histophilus somni

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40
Q

What are the 4 infectious causes of vasculitus in a pig?

A

circovirus, erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, CSF, Strep suis

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41
Q

What are the 3 infectious causes of vasculitis in a dog?

A

herpes, ICH, heartworm

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42
Q

What is the infectious cause of vasculitis in a cat?

A

FIP

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43
Q

Term for age related change in which the arterial wall has fibrosed and thickened by smooth muscle.

A

arteriosclerosis

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44
Q

What causes aortic ruptures in horses?

A

dissecting aneurysms

45
Q

Describe the blood flow in a PDA in dogs. What does it cause in the heart?

A

Blood goes from aorta to pulmonary artery –> extra volume in lungs –> left side eccentric and dilation hypertrophy

46
Q

What are the 4 components of tetralogy of fallot? Which one is the most pathologic?

A

ventricular septal defect
pulmonic stenosis
dextroposition of the aorta - worst???
right ventricular hypertrophy

47
Q

What is the sequelae of PRAA?

A

megaesophagus

48
Q

What are the two most common regions to find hemangiosarcoma in the dog?

A

arise from right auricle of heart or the spleen, can also be cutaneous

49
Q

What are the 2 main mechanisms for development of pulmonary edema?

A

cardiogenic or decreased oncotic pressure

50
Q

What conditions may cause increased vascular permability that leads to pulmonary edema?

A

pneumonia, speticemia, diffuse alveolar damage, anaphylaxis

51
Q

What other systems besides the respiratory tract can be affected by H. somni?

A

nervous (TME), heart (necrosis), joints, eyes, mucous membranes, abortion

52
Q

Term for presence of many neutrophils in bronchi and bronchioles over a long time.

A

bronchiectasis

53
Q

Term for healing gone bad in the lung, severe damage to bronchiolar wall and fibrin is deposited. Causes polypoid projection -> obstruction.

A

Brochiolitis obliterans

54
Q

What are the two routes of infection of the lung and how do they relate to lung patterns?

A

blood –> embolic

inhaled –> bronchopneumonia

55
Q

What are the two mechanisms of atelactasis? Give example of acquired ones.

A

Congenital (failue of inflation)
Acquired
-Compressive: fluid
-Obstructive:mucous plug

56
Q

What 3 species have “pores of kohn” that allow for collateral ventilation between alveoli?

A

dogs, cats, horses

57
Q

Which 2 species is obstructive atelactasis more common?

A

cattle and pigs (poor collateral ventilation)

58
Q

What is emphysema in animals?

A

enlargement of airspaces but no alveolar wall destruction

59
Q

What most commonly causes 2ndary emphysema in animals?

A

airflow obstruction

60
Q

Where can emphysema be seen in hte lung?

A

can be interstitial (not just alveolar), and can progress to subq tissues

61
Q

What leads to pneumothorax secondary to pulmonary emphysema?

A

progresses to bullae and they coalesce, then rupture

62
Q

What 2 things can distinguish pulmonary edema microscopically?

A
  1. brightly eosinophilic exudate

2. direct damage to alveolar pneumocytes

63
Q

What are the top two causes for large pulmonary arterial thrombi in dogs?

A

hw dz

endocrinopathies?

64
Q

Why are infarctions not common in the lung?

A

dual blood supply

65
Q

What type of agents cause bronchopneumonia?

A

bacteria that enter aerogenously

66
Q

What are the 6 possible sequelae of chronic purulent bronchopneumonias?

A

bronchiectasis, bronchiolitis obliterans, pulmonary abscesses, pleural adhesions, atelactasis, emphysema

67
Q

Why can dogs and cats die rapidly of aspiration pneumonia?

A

laryngospasam or rapid developmen of pulmonary edema

68
Q

What are 2 other lesions to look for when you see aspiration pneumonia?

A

cleft palate, megaesophagus

69
Q

Why do animals die even when only a small part of lung has pleuropneumonia?

A

toxemia and sepsis

70
Q

What 4 things can cause interstitial pneumonia?

A

viral, toxin, allergy or sepsis

71
Q

What is the pathophysiology of interstitial pneumonia?

A

Type 1 and capillary damage –> protein exudate –>hyaline membrane formation –> type 2 pneumocyte hyperplasia

72
Q

What etiologies can cause granulomatous pneumonia?

A

systemic mycoses, mycobacteria, rhodococcus equi, parasites, FIP

73
Q

What are 4 sources for septic emboli?

A

R valvular bacterial endocarditis, jugular thrombophlebitis, hepatic abscesses in cattle, septic arthritis

74
Q

What can cause death from septic emboli?

A

pulmonary edema

75
Q

How can you tell if pulmonary abscesses are embolic or 2ndary to bronchopneumonia?

A

embolic - diffuse distribution

76
Q

What are 2 bacteria that cause embolic pneumonia in ruminants?

A

arcanobacterium pyogenes

fusobacterium necrophorum

77
Q

What are 2 bacteria that cause embolic pneumonia in swine? horses?

A

erysipelothrix rhusipathiae
strep suis
horses - strep equi

78
Q

What bacteria can cause embolic pneumonia in many species?

A

staph aureus

79
Q

What is the pattern of a primary pulmonary carcinoma vs tumors metastatic to the lung?

A

one larger mass with multiple smaller masses is usually pulmonary carcinoma

80
Q

What are the gross lesions assoicated with collapsing trachea in dogs?

A

tracheal rings mae a shallow arc, have a wide, flalccid dorsal trachealis muscle

81
Q

What are possible sequelae of CDV infection in dogs?

A

2ndary infections, enamel hypoplasia, hyperkeratosis of foot pads

82
Q

What are 4 common canine nasal tumors?

A

transitional carcinoma
adenocarcinoma
squamous cell carcinoma
undifferentiated carcinoma

83
Q

How is the cause of infectious tracheobronchitis in dogs diagnosed?

A

gross lesions absent, microscopic lesions consist of neutrophils within tracheobronchial mucosa

84
Q

What are key tissues to take for a canine distemper diagnosis post mortem?

A

lung, stomach, renal pelvis, and bladder

85
Q

What are the three agents that contribute to feline Upper resp dz?

A

feline rhinotracheitis virus - mucopurulent
feline calicivirus - ulceration
chlamydophila felis - resolves in 2 weeks

86
Q

What do the lesions in the bronchioles look like in feline asthma and RAO in horses?

A

alveolar septal thicening by smooth muscle and fribosis and the alveoli are lined by type 2 pneumocytes (honeyccomb lung)

87
Q

What are the gross lesions of dry and wet form of FIP?

A

wet - fibrinous pleuritis (humoral response)

dry - pyogranulamatous vasculitis (micro)

88
Q

What is the most common nasal tumor in the cat?

A

squamous cell carcinoma

89
Q

What can cats have in their nose besides cancer?

A

nasopharyngeal polyps

90
Q

What are the 4 sequelae of strep equi infection in horses?

A

empyema, pneumonia, pleuropneumonia, metastatic abscesses, purpura hemorrhagica

91
Q

What are the 5 sequelae of gutteral pouch mycoses?

A

aneurysm, hemorrhage, emboli, dysphagia, horners syndrome

92
Q

What does atypical interstitial pneumona look like grossly?

A

appear pale and feel rubbery

93
Q

What are the 2 categories of causes for atypical interstitial pneumonia?

A

toxic - L-tryptophan, moldy sweet potato, H2S, ammonia

hypersensitivity - D. viviparous, allergic alveolitis

94
Q

What is the pathogenesis of atypical interstitial pneumonia?

A

type 1 pneumocyte injury and necrosis –> edema, hyaline membranes, emphysema, –> type 2 hyperplasia –> inflammation and fibrosis

95
Q

What is the gross lesion of IBR in cattle?

A

ulceration and mats of fibrinecrotic and purulen material that cover URT. Presence of ulceration is quite specific for IBR, take swab for IHC

96
Q

What is the cause of enzootic nasal tumors in sheep?

A

retrovirus

97
Q

What pattern of pneumonia do small ruminant lentiviruses cause?

A

interstitial pneumonia, with noncollapsing lungs with rib imprings, enlarged LN

98
Q

What are the important lungworms in pigs, cows, and small ruminants?

A

pigs - Metastrongylus apri, Ascaris suum
cow - Ascaris suum
Sm rums - Dictyocaulus filaria, Protostrongylus rufescens

99
Q

What species commonly get fibrinous exudation in the lung? What infectious agents cause it?

A

Pigs - A. pleuropneumoniae (polyserositis things)

Cows - mannheimia hemoytica

100
Q

Term for blood flow reversing from pulmonary hypertension.

A

cor pulmonale

101
Q

What causes air exchange to decrease in interstitial pneumonia?

A

hyaline membrane, type 2 pneumocyte hyerplasia, endothelial damage

102
Q

What are the 4 main tumors that metastatize to the lung?

A

lymphoma, hemangiosarcoma, melanoma, osteosarcoma

103
Q

What are the 4 bacteria that cause polyserositis in pigs?

A

actinobacillus suis
haemophilus parasuis
strep suis
mycoplasma hyorhinis

104
Q

What are the 3 general mechanisms of ARDS?

A

Lesion in distant organ
generalized systemic dz
direct lung injury

105
Q

What type of lung pattern is ARDS? Why?

A

interstitial - causes hyaline membrane

106
Q

How does lung get injured in ARDS?

A

enzyme and free radical release from neutrophils

107
Q

What is the immune response in wet FIP?

A

type 3 hypersensitivity

108
Q

What 2 viruses in dogs cause bronchointerstitial pneumonia?

A

canine distemper, influenza

109
Q

What virus causes bronchointerstitial pneumonia in pigs? horses? cattle?

A

pigs - swine influenza
horses - strep zooepidemicus
cattle - bovine resp syncytial virus

UI 608 Organ Sys Path (6 decks)

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