Midterm Flashcards by Christine Le

What is aging (mention characteristics)? Why is it important but difficult to study?

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Differentiate chronological vs. biological age; primary vs. secondary aging

What is the relationship between primary and secondary aging?

Is there evidence that we can slow down rate of aging?

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

3 factors determining the rate of aging:

Food restriction - 3 mechanisms
General activity - 3 categories - how many years longer did more older adults live?
Physical activity - findings of the Harvard Alumni Study? PA Guideline Study (x% of 150 mins)? In the Hakim Study what did they find about walking; what did they find about genetics, PA levels, aerobic fitness, and benefits of being active?

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What if someone has a large number of RFs for all-cause mortality (ACM), how would increasing their cardiorespiratory fitness benefit them?

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Differentiate quantity vs. quality in terms of life. What is active life expectancy and healthy active life expectancy (WHO)?

What did they find in the Vita et al., Study - HALE, disability, health RFs (smoking, BMI, PA)?

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Give the age range + 1 characteristic:

Middle age
Old age
Very old age
Oldest old age

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the max life span over the past 2 centuries? What’s the concept of survival of the fittest vs. selective survival?

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

DIfferentiate average life span and life expectancy - which has gone up or down?

T or F: LE is higher in developed nations vs. developing nations

6 factors to explain increase in LE

T or F: LE varies depending on age, gender, ethnicity, etc

Why would LE decrease after the age of 65? (problems of affluence)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Why is there an increase in gender gap between the 1920-1970?

3 theories of why women live longer than men - genetic, hormonal, social; but what’s the irony in them living longer?

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which countries will experience the largest increase proportion of people 65 years+? What will the population pyramid look like?

What are the 5 causes for the pyramid change?

Why don’t we see these changes in developing countries? (3)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

T or F: even in a developed countries - there are differences between ethnic groups

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

3 other influences on life expectancy other than age, gender, ethnicity?

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Compare the general explanations of aging from the past to now.

Genetic Theories of Aging

Parents and longevity?
Genetic diseases related to premature aging (3)

Damage Theories of Aging

Somatic mutation theory
Free radical theory - antioxidants (superoxide dismutase), Vitamins E and C
Waste accumulation theory - lipofuscin
X-linkage theory - 3 different excision/repair scenarios (single, double chain, and y monstrosity), 4 age-related changes due to x-linkages

Cellular Senescence Theory of Aging

Haylick Limit, senescent cell?
Telomere theory - telomeres, which types of cells are “immortal” and why?
Problems with telomere theory (3)

Metabolic Theories of Aging

Testing cold vs. warm blooded species
6 factors to explain why caloric restriction increases life span?
Hormesis hypothesis of CR (as a mild stress) and its 4 predictions

Gradual Imbalance Theories of Aging

2 major immune function changes
T cell function decline, changes in thymus gland; what are killer/helper T cells
Neuroendocrine theory: HPA is the regulator - 3 functions that are affected by aging

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Effects of aging on LV wall thickness

Increases LV wall thickness (around 30%) lead to increase in what 3 variables (2 overloads, 1 structural)? 3 contributing factors to this change with age?

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Effects of aging on HR

Resting HR - No change
Submax HR - No change but just slower increase/recovery
Max HR - DECREASES - 3 reasons why?

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Effects of aging on SV

Resting SV - No change
Submax SV - No change
Max SV - DECREASES SIGNIFICANTLY - 3 reasons why?

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Effects of aging on Q or CO

Resting Q - No change
Submax Q - No change
Max Q - DECREASES - this is related to decline in what tissue?

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Effects of aging on A-V O2 Difference (AVO2D)

Resting AVO2D - No change
Submax AVO2D - No change
Max AVO2D - DECREASES - what’s the one main reason why? (note: not saturation of blood, or oxygen extraction)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Effects of aging on VO2

Look at Fick’s equation
Progressive 9% decline after the _____ decade
Why should we not express it in relative VO2? (hint: change in body composition with age)
Final conclusions of activity level and VO2 in the Norwegian orienteers and elite distance runners studies?
Why does VO2max decrease? (2)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Effects of aging on BP

Increased prevalence of hypotension and hypertension

3 causes of postural hypotension (ie. head rush upon rising)
Hypertension: why is there an increase in pulse pressure? Why is this a concern?
Why does sBP increase with age?
How can exercise decrease RESTING sBP? (3 CV, 1 body composition, 1 behaviour related change)

Study These Flashcards

Effects of TRAINING on SV - 2 mechanisms to explain the increase?

Differentiate the change in SV post-training in a x-sectional study vs. a longitudinal study.

Study These Flashcards

Effects of TRAINING on Q - 1 mechanism to explain the increase?

Study These Flashcards

Effects of TRAINING on AVO2 - 5 mechanism to explain the increase?

Study These Flashcards

Explain the self selection bias when study VO2?

-Can the decline in VO2 be prevented? Does it matter when you start training? Does your initial fitness level effect the magnitude of the training effect?

Study These Flashcards

Why is there only a small 5-10 mmHg decrease in resting sBP with training? Why would sub max sBP be lower after training?

5 changes within the trachea and bronchi with age What happens to the interalveolar septum? Causing what kind of change in the surface: volume ratio?

Differentiate anatomical dead space vs. physiological dead space. Why is there a INCREASE in physiological dead space? (2); how does this affect the Vdead/Vtidal ratio

Static Lung Volumes Draw out the diagram - labeling: -IRV, TV, ERV, RV, IC, FRC, VC or FVC, and TLC Which aspect changes with age? And why? To make up for the change increase in VE:VA, how do older people breathe differently to compensate?

Dynamic Lung Volumes How does FEV1 change? T or F: FEV1 decline trajectory can change if you quit smoking at any age.

How do each change with age? -Max ventilation, IRV, TV, ERV, RV, FVC, and TLC

3 reasons why breathing in oxygen would be more energetically demanding with age. Is this significant?

Effects of training - static vs. dynamic volumes - If you become more physically fit as an old person, what kind of changes in the muscle would lead to improvements of the respiratory system

Why do women lose height at a faster rate in adulthood? (3)

Differentiate weight changes in males vs. females (graph) with age Differentiate BMI changes in males vs. females (graph) with age - what variable contributes to this change? when does peak BMI occur for men vs. women When it comes to BMI and RR - compared to the low BMI group, what trend was found in the over 70 group?

2 main components of body composition 2 influences on BC T or F: what holds more water muscle or fat? What's the trend found with body water with age? This puts older adults at a risk of? Differentiate storage and essential fat. Differentiate android and gynoid fat deposition T or F: %BF plateaus even though body weight stabilizes/plateaus T or F: fat distribution/deposition patterns tend to stay the same as we age (ie. android vs. gynoid) T or F: distribution is genetic (ie. similar within family) 2 factors that influence changes in BF Describe the difference between male vs female changes in where fat is stored with age Decline of ~3 kg FFM /decade = 3 factors why?

Differentiate the epidermis vs. dermis and which one mainly changes with aging 6 common changes in the epidermis/dermis with aging

We know that if a decrease in PA leads to increased BF...why is that an increase PA may not necessarily lead to a decrease in BF? (4 reasons)

EPOC - excess post-exercise oxygen consumption; 6 reasons why your resting metabolic rate may ACUTELY increase with exercise? How can this change be kept "chronic"?

Overall, handgrip strength has a strong correlation with overall body strength. After the age of ___, strength declines by 15%/decade because of ____________.

Which is better maintained with age? muscles used frequently vs. vv CON vs ECC muscle strength slow vs. high velocity contractions

Higher the velocity demand of the contraction, the ____ the relative tension an aged muscle can produce max rate of force development is ____ in older adults

Twitch interpolation technique What do we use it to measure? It reflects the failure of ______ drive from the _____ ______. T or F: Older adults have an impairment of voluntary max muscle activation, compared to younger people The decline in the # of motor neurons (after the age of 50-60) results in.... T or F: there is a greater decline in MUs in distal muscle groups vs. proximal. What process causes the increase in MU SIZE? How does it change the muscular mosaic of fibres?

With age, are there any changes at the NMJ that would affect transmission? Muscle CSA declines with age, however how does the tissue proportion change? From the autopsy study, why does muscle mass decrease with age? (2 factors)

Changes in muscle contractile properties - Does peak force change with age? - Why do older people take longer to reach peak force and have a slower relaxation? Which muscle fibre type atrophies more with age? How does this change the ratio and the characteristic of the muscle? Muscle quality is known as what? We know that it either decreases slightly or does not change at all with age. Why the variability in research results? What are the 4 mechanisms of the decline in muscle quality?

In Dr. Hick's study looking at 2 years training in older adults: What were the 8 variables she looked at? What was the general study design? T or F: Gender and age did not have an effect on training adaptations How did they measure hypertrophy? What were the mechanisms of the increased strength? Did the results last? (ie. results of the follow up study 3 years after the 2 year training) What are the two functional changes with training that could benefit older adults in their ADLs? - Between muscle strength vs. power...which is more relevant to them? Why? - Who would benefit most from training? (ie. type of elderly)

Frailty Define the 5 attributes. How is frailty and sarcopenia related? In the study that looked at the elders in the nursing homes: they were prescribed light resistance exercises with an EMPHASIS ON POWER. What two things did they measure? Which 3 tests/tasks were used to measure these variables? How did the control and exercise group perform on each? (ie. what kind of relationship was found for each - positive or negative)

List the 6 training-induced strength gain mechanisms in older adults.

Which two tests have been shown to have a good sensitivity and specificity in older adults? Describe the two and how they are different. What were the results of the fallers and non-fallers? 3 factors of why muscle endurance/fatigue-resistance may actually increase with age. Name of possible sites of fatigue (general)

Midterm Flashcards

(48 cards)