Midterm Flashcards by Erika Mari Japor

Large geographic areas with similar climates and ecosystems

Biome

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Different biomes

Dessert
Chaparral
Grassland
Tundra
Boreal forest

Tundra
Taiga
Temperate deciduous forest
Temperate rain forest
Tropical rain forest and grassland

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Increasing altitude

Mountain ice and snow
Tundra (herbs, lichens and misses)
Coniferous forest
Deciduous forest
Tropical forest

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It gets hot

Decreasing precipitation

Equator

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Forms of precipitation

Rain
Drizzle
Snow
Hailstones

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Water vapor evaporation (light energy) From the clouds can’t take the weight ice crystals it will fall

Evaporation
Condensation
Precipitation

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Large diameter

Drizzle

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Ice falls big as golf balls

Hailstone

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Happens at the Philippines hailstone

Baguio

Quezon City

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Typhoon

Hurricane

Tropical cyclone

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Constitutes more than 1/3 of the earth’s land surface

Deserts

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Average population of deserts

25 cm or 10” per year

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High evaporation rates

Deserts

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Plants in desert

Cactus/Cacti

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Three kinds of deserts

Tropical
Temperature or mid latitude deserts
Cold or high latitude deserts

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Hot temperature

Tropical

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Sahara deserts

Tropical and temperate in Saudi Arabia

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Gobi desert in Mongolia

Cold or high latitude deserts

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Vegetation in the desert

Thorny bushes
Shrubs
Cacti
Wild flowers
Barren sand dunes underlain by rocks

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Night temperature are extremely low

Cold or high latitude deserts

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Mangroves

Bakawan

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Where fish pollinate

Mangroves

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Lumber

Dipterocarp

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Limestone forest

Dipterocarp

Atimonan

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Biomes of the world

Terrestrial biomes | Aquatic biomes

Land

Terrestrial

Water

Aquatic

The coldest and driest of all biomes of the earth

Tundra

Close to the North Pole

Tundra

Upper places

Tundra

Close to North Pole

Tundra

Dry

Arid

Driest place on earth

Tropical deserts

Warm temperature

Temperate or mid latitude deserts

Temperate or mid latitude deserts example

Sahara Desert Saudi Arabia | Mohave desert in NA

Animals breed and fed at night | Cold or high latitude deserts

``` Rodents Reptiles Ground squirrels Jackals Foxes, bats, owl Insects ```

Adaptation of plants in the desert

``` Wax coated leaves Deep rooted Stores water in spongy tissues Dropping leaves Ephemerals but with long dormancy periods ```

Adaptation of Animals in the desert

``` Small Hiding in cool burrows or rocky crevices Thick outer covering Dry feces to reduce water loss Obtains water from dew Dormant during periods of extreme heat ```

Human impacts on World Deserts

``` Construction of large desert cities Soil destruction Depletion of underground water reserve Mining and land pollution Storage of radioactive wastes Large arrays of solar cells ```

Grasslands whys/where

``` High and low average temperatures Low rainfall (25-75 cm) Thin soils Found in mountains/ inferior of continents Areas with long dry season Overgrazed areas Frequent fires ```

Contains herds of grazing animals

African Tropical Savannahs

Animals of African Tropical Savannahs

Browsing animals: ``` Wild beasts Gazelles Zebras Giraffes Antelopes ```

Imperata

Cogonnales

Capillepedium

Rono

Saccharum

Talahib

Grassland types in the Philippines

Cogonnales Talahib Rono Themeda

Cold winters with snow

Mid latitude Grasslands temperate

Above the limit of tree growth

Alpinae Tundra

Experiences permafrost

Polar Grasslands | Arctic Tundra

Below permanent snow lines in high mountains

Alpinae tundra

Hot, dry summer

Mid latitude Grasslands Temperate

Carpeted with thick, spongy, mat of grasses, mosses, woody shrubs

Polar grassland/arctic tundra

Temperate shrublands

Chaparrals

Winters are cold and dark long

Polar grasslands/Arctic Tundra

Mediterranean climate

Chaparrals

Even distribution of precipitation

Mid latitude Grasslands/Temperate

Covered with ice or snow

Polar grasslands/Arctic Tundra

Maintained by frequent fires

Chaparrals

Strong winds throughout the year

Mid-latitude Grasslands/Temperate

Treeless plants which are bitterly cold, swept by frigid winds

Polar grasslands/Arctic Tundra

Plants store food in rhizomes

Chaparrals

Thick OM, fertile soils

Mid-latitude Grasslands/Temperate

Seeds sprout when there is fire

Chaparrals

Examples of Mid-latitude Grasslands-Temperate

Tall grass/low grass prai-- Pampas of Argentina Veld of Southern Africa-- Grassland Steppe of--- and Siberia

Forest Biomes

``` Tropical rainforests Tropical Deciduous Forest Temperate Deciduous Forest Evergreen Coniferous Temperate Rainforest Dipterocarp rainforest Pine forest Mossy forest ```

Temperate Deciduous Forest

``` Hickory Oak Maple Polar Sycamore ```

Temperate rainforests

Douglas-- Red woods Sitka spruce

Major Rainforests

The American Rainforest- Amazon Malesian Rainforests African Rainforest Region

Philippine Forest Types

Mangroves Beach Forests Molave/Limestone Forest

Dipterocarp forests

``` Lauan, Lauan type Lauan- Apitong Lauan- Hagakhak Yakal- Lauan Tangile Oak ```

It covers about 1/5 of the land surface

Tundra

Most common animals of the Tundra

Caribou Reindeer Lemmings

The number of plant species in the tundra is __ and their growth is __ with most of the biomass concentrated in the __

Few | Low

The growing season of tundra

Short

Plants are more likely to reproduce vegetation by division and budding than sexually by flower pollination

Tundra

Typical Arctic vegetation (Tundra)

Cotton grass Sedge Dwarf

Thin mantle of life that covers the earth

Biosphere

Broad units of vegetation

Plant formations

It includes associated animal life

Plant formations

They go by the name of the dominant forms of plant life

Major biomes

Types of terrestrial biomes

``` Chaparral Savannah Tundra Forest Grassland Shrub land Desert ```

Types of aquatic biomes

Coral reef Estuary Marshland Mangrove

Influenced by latitude, elevation and associated moisture and temperature regimes, they vary geographically from the tropics through the Arctic

Terrestrial biomes

These biomes also include freshwater communities

Terrestrial biomes Streams Lakes Ponds Wetlands

They comprise the open ocean, littoral regions, benthic regions, rocky shores, sandy shores, estuaries and associated tidal marshes

Marin environments

Considered biomes by some ecologists

Marine environment

Littoral regions

Shallow water

Benthic regions

Bottom

Type of shrub-land

Chaparral

Home of the fishes where they breed

Coral reef

Community that is dominated by small-leaved evergreen habitation

Chaparral

Takes millions of years to build naturally

Coral reef

Such habitats are characteristics of the Mediterranean type of climate with warm, wet winters and long, dry summers

Chaparral

Ridge or outcrop of rock in the sea that comes close to the surface

Reef

Fire dependent

Chaparral

Wipes out decadent growth, disposed of accumulated litter, recycles nutrients and stimulates new, vigorous growth seeds and sprouts

Fire | Chaparral

Reef that has been built largely or entirely by corals, tiny animals that love together in colonies

Coral reef

Types of coral reefs

``` Patch reefs Fringing reefs Barrier reefs Bank reefs Atolls ```

Over hundred or thousands of years the ___ of coral buildup, with ___ growing on the skeletons of the dead ones

Limestone skeletons | New corals

This physical structure with its living surface or coral and other organisms

Coral reef

Occur along a continental shelf where mound-shape hillocks on the sea floor are close enough to the surface to allow corals to settle and grow

Patch reefs

The corals that build reefs are found only in warm tropical waters where sea temperature fall below

18 •C or 64•F

In certain conditions, Cora reefs develop far from the continents, around small islands or toward the edge of the __

Continental shelf

They thrive only on clear saltwater where bright sunlight can penetrate

Coral reef

This because corals cannot exist without symbiotic algae

Zooxanthellae

They love in coral tissue and require sunlight for photosynthesis

Zooxanthellae

Occur along a rocky coastline

Fringing reefs

Where corals or coral remind extend outward from the shore and form an outermost line or ridge that runs parallel to shore

Rocky coastline | Fringing reefs

As marine creatures, the corals cannot grow above the surface

Fringing reefs

The shallowest part of the reef becomes quite level

Reef flat Fringing reefs

Few corals can survive here

Reef flat Fringing reefs

In certain conditions, coral reefs develop far from the continents, around small island or toward the edge of the continental shelf

Barrier reefs

Here the reef flat extends all the way from the shore

Fringing reefs

Where the reef flat reached the deposed water offshore where it forms as waves break

Reef crest Fringing reefs

From here the structure of the reef drop away into deeper water down the reef slope.

Fringing reefs

In this area conditions remain good for coral growth and the reef continued to grow both upward and downwards

Fringing reefs

Here the reefs do not join up to the mainland, but grow upwards on all sides

Barrier reefs

Large, elongated structures far offshore

Barrier reefs

An unusual type of reef

Atoll

They are separated from the land by a lagoon

Barrier reefs

When barrier roofs grow up in remote ocean areas

Bank reefs

This is a large, shallow back with a depression in the middle, typically ring-shaped

Atoll

They begin as fringing reefs around active oceanic volcanoes

Coral Atoll

When the volcanic eruptions cease, an island remains

Atoll

Over long geological periods, the islands begin to sink, the fringing reef continued to grow as the island sinks

Atoll

Soon what was a fringing reef around the shore becomes a barrier reef separated fro the shrinking island by a deeper lagoon

Atoll

After thousands of years, the volcanic island sinks completely below sea level but the corals continue to grow, forming a circular coral reef

Atoll

Semi enclosed coastal area

Estuary

Where seawater mixed with fresh water from rivers

Estuary

Tidal area of the lower part of a river area

Estuary

There are usually three overlapping zones in an estuary

Open connection with the sea Middle area Tidal river zone

Where marine water preponderates

Open connection with the sea

Where freshwater preponderates

Tidal river zone

Where strong salt water and fresh water mix

Middle area

It creates variable estuarine characteristics in sea inlets

Tidal forces | Estuary

Variation in the seasonal discharge of rivers caused the limits of these zones to shift and this increases the overall ecological complexity

Estuary

Highly productive ecosystems accounting for one-half of the the living matter of the world's oceans

Estuaries

It is in there that most of the world's freshwater runoff encounters the oceans

Estuaries

Because freshwater is lighter or less dense, than salt water unless the two are mixed by the tides or winds, the freshwater remains at the surface resulting in a salinity gradient

Estuaries

Tidal force seawater inland as a countercurrent and produce a saltwater wedge below the freshwater surface waters

Estuaries

Estuaries are generally divided five main groups

``` Coastal-plain Salt-marsh estuaries Lagoons Fjords Tectonic estuaries ```

They were formed during the last great ride in sea level, when melting glaciers in temperature latitudes flooded river valleys

Coastal-plain estuaries

In some tropical regions of low relief such as the Amazon Basin, a combination of rising sea levels and increased rainfall led to greater flooding

Coastal plain estuaries

They resemble a v-shaped river channel usually less than 20 m (65ft) deep with an accompanying floodplain

Coastal plain estuaries

Part of the coastal plain

Salt marsh estuaries

Although they have a well-defined drainage network, they are not usually fed by rivers and thus, they contain predominantly saltwater

Salt marsh estuaries

The type of salt marsh estuaries

Cake fear North Carolina Cape Canaveral, Florida

In contrast to salt-marsh estuaries, have a less well defined drainage network and larger open areas and are usually shallow-often less than 2m (6.5 ft) deep

Lagoons

A raised ridge or sand barrier

Lagoons

Present on all continents

Lagoons

Major type of estuary in both the northern and southern temperate latitudes above about 45• were formed when continental glaciers scouted out river valleys

Fjords

Such estuaries usually have a U-shaped cross sectional form

Fjords

Water in the interior part of the estuaries can excess 500m (1600 ft in depth)

Fjords

Result from major geological events such as faulting, volcanic eruption and landslides

Tectonic estuaries

Best known estuary formed by tectonic activity

San Francisco Bay

The animal life varies greatly

Estuaries

Are generally more diverse than their temperate counterparts

Tropical estuaries

High productivity and habitat complexity can lead to considerable wildlife diversity and in some cases, to huge concentration of animals as well

Tropical estuaries

All of the main vertebrate groups are represented in estuaries

Mammals Rodents Carnivores Ungulates

Waterfowl estuaries

Ducks Geese Herons Egrets

Huge flocks of songbirds cost estuaries in search for food

Red-winged blackbird in Eastern North America

Other species use this as resting sites during annual migrations

Estuaries

Treeless land in which the water table is at above or just below the surface of the ground, it is dominated by grasses, reefs, sedges and cat tails

Marshland

Beneath the ground

Water table

These plants typify emergent vegetation which has its roots in soil covered or saturated with water and its leaves held above water

Marshland

Groundwater locations

MSEUF | IYAM

Water reservoir locations

Tongko, Tayabas

Source of water of QMWD

Electric deepwell

Mineral water

Ca + Mg

Types of Marshes

Freshwater marshes | Salt marshes

Occur on coastal tidal flats

Salt marshes

They occupy the edges of saline lakes

Salt marshes

It's plant composition, species richness and productivity is strongly influenced by it's relationship to surrounding ecosystem

The nature of a marsh

They affect the supply of nutrients, the movement of water and the type and deposition of sediment

Salt marshes

Develop along the shallow margins of lakes and slow-moving rivers

Freshwater marshes

Forming when ponds and lakes become filled with sediment

Freshwater marshes

Tree requirement

5 ft above considered a tree, if not shrub

Importance of freshwater marshes

Provide nesting and wintering habitats for waterfowl and shorebirds, muskrats, frogs and many aquatic insects Salt marshes are wintering grounds for snow geese and ducks; a nesting habitat for heroes and rails and a source of nutrients for estuarine water

These plant communities are adapted to sweeping winds and to soil disturbance even frost heaves

Typical Arctic vegetation

A land dominated by conifers, spurs and firs

Tiaga/Borreal

It is dotted by with lakes, bogs and marshes

Tiaga/Borreal

It is populated by an even more variety of pants and animals than in the temperate deciduous forest

Tiaga/Borreal

In North America, the moose is such a typical member that it has led to its name

Spruce-moose biome | Tiaga/Borreal

There is mainly grass in the __

Grassland

There are a few trees except along streams and where there are cracks deep in the soil

Grassland

Another type of grassland where there are some palm trees

Grassland

There are tall grass prairies and short grass prairies

Grassland

They get more water and that is why the grass is taller

Tall prairies

Climate in grassland

Warm and dry which is pretty temperate

In a grassland biome, the annual rainfall

Between 25-75 cm

It occurs in the interior of the continents and rain shadows

Grassland

It has a very continental climate with hot summers and cold winters

Grassland

Animals in grassland

Bison to zebras

It is inherently fertile

Grassland soil

Due to a low rainfall, soluble nutrients in the soil have not washed away and due to the absence of tree canopy, the flourishing grass have built up organically rich topsoil

Grassland

As a result, native grasslands of the north temperate region have been converted to grain crops such as corn and wheat

Grasslands

The native grazing herbivores have been replaced by domestic cattle and sheep and the large predators have been destroyed

Grasslands

Distinguished by stable (climax) or successional plant communities

Shrubland

It covers a large portion of the semiarid and arid parts of the earth

Shrubland

The most extensive shrubland are found in between the __ latitude North and South of the equator

32• and 40•

These shrubland include parts of semiarid

``` Southwestern North America Mediterranean region Central Chile Parts of Brazil Cape region of South Africa Southern and southwestern Australia ```

Climate in Shrubland

Characterized either by hot dry summers and cool moist winters or by pronounced wet and dry season

It is dominated either by small leafed evergreen shrubs able to survive fire and limited nutrients

Shrub vegetation

Shrubs that lose their leaves during the dry season

Shrub vegetation

Other stable shrub communities result from

Degradation of forest or grassland ecosystem due to overgrazing or deforestation

Among such shrubland in the Mediterranean region

Garigue

Low, open shrub land of oak species resulting from the degradation of pine forests and the maquis

Garigue

Taller, more dense growth that replaced the cork-oak forest

Maquis

Type of shrubland community that is dominated by small-leaved evergreen vegetation

Chapparal

Climate of chapparal

Mediterranean type of climate with warm, wet winters and long, dry summers

It is fire dependent

Chapparal

Trees in chaparral

Mostly oak, both deciduous and evergreen

They form dense evergreen thickets

Scrub oaks and shrubs like manzanitas and California lilac

Not a relative of the eastern lilac

California lilac

Tropical grassland with a scattering of shrubs and small and large trees

Savanna

It may result from soil conditions, from periodic fires caused by lightning or set by human or from climatic influences

Savanna

Climate in savanna

Stays about the same from month to month | It never gets warm and most of the time it doesn't get below freezing

There are not many plants or trees

Savannah

The two major trees in the Savannah

Palm and acacias

Savannah

Few wild fruit trees and the rest of the land is grassland

The animals of the Savannah

Large herbivore group: ``` Giraffe Zebra Antelope Water buffalo Kangaroo Cheetah Rino Hippo Monkey Lion Warthog Dwarf antelope Bearded lizard Baboon Kookaburra Ostrich Hyena ```

Control waves and storm surge

Mangrove

Tagalog of mangrove

Bakawan

Breeding grounds of fish

Mangrove

Used for "panggatong" because of its high heating capacity

Mangrove

Limestone instead of banker oil

CaC03

Coastal areas

Dalahican | Ransohan

In Palsabangon, all kinds of species supported by Team Energy destroyed by typhoon

Pagbilao Mangrove Experimental Forest

Arctic plains encompassing most of the earth's terrain north of the coniferous forest belt, dominated by cotton grass, Heath, lichen, moss, sedge and willow

Tundra

Similar plains occur above the the timberline on the high mountains of the world

Alpine tundra

Has a few areas of tundra as well

Antarctic region

It can be found high northern latitudes of the world

Tundra

Some plants and shrubs bloom

Early autumn | Tundra

The growing season in the tundra

Very short due to the frozen permafrost that only begins to thaw in mid-summer

Some prehistoric animals have been proud preserved in the thick permafrost

Tundra

The most common animals found in the tundra

Caribou Reindeer Lemming

This biome lord above the Arctic Ocean in the world's highest northern latitudes

Tundra

These low swampy plains are found in

Tundra Northern Europe Siberia Northern most part of North America Few places in Southern Hemisphere

There is a very little evaporation

Tundra

This causes the moisture to be absorbed into the ground

Permafrost Tundra

It lies six inches below the ground

Permafrost

It prevents drainage of excess moisture

Permafrost

Trees and plants have a hard time growing in these conditions

Tundra

The growing season is short and can last up to 60 days

Tundra

Dominant large grazers feeding in grass, sedge, lichen, and willow

Musk-ox Caribou Reindeer

They feed on grass and sedge

Arctic hate Snowshoe rabbit Lemming

Predators of tundra

Wolf Arctic fox Snowy owl

Animal life in Tundra

Bird in tundra shrubbery in summer migrating milder climates before the winter season sets in Invertebrate life and flies are scarce Insects such as black flies and mosquitoes, butterflies, beetles and grasshoppers are abundant Alpine animal life includes mountain goat, big horned sheep, pika, marmot and the ptarmigan

Grouselike bird

Ptarmigan

Relatively fixed, self regulated condition over a long period of time

Forest

The characteristics trees of a forest determined by

Climate, soil and the topography of the region

In local environments, dominant species of trees are characteristically associated with

Shrubs and herbs

It is influenced by larger and taller plants but because low vegetation affects the organic compositions of the soil, the influence is reciprocal

Type of vegetation on the forest floor

Disturbances harvesting may result in a shift to another forest type

Forest fire | Timber

Left undisturbed, ecological succession will eventually result

Climax forest community

It practiced to maintain some desirable forest types

Human intervention

Forest may be divided into the following eight general types on the basis of leaf characteristics and climate

``` Deciduous forest Deciduous monsoon forests Tropical savanna forest Northern coniferous forest Tropical rain forests Temperate evergreen forests Temperate rain forests Tropical scrub forests ```

Of the temperate regions are the typical formations of the eastern United States

Deciduous forest

Two subtypes exist in Deciduous forest

Forests of the same latitudes in the northern and Southern Hemispheres are radically different due to to continental climate of northern hemisphere and oceanic climate of the southern

Characteristic of Bengal and Myanmar (formerly known as Burma) common throughout Southeast Asia and India

Deciduous monsoon forest

They are also found along the Pacific Coastal regions of Mexico and Central America

Deciduous monsoon forest

The climate of deciduous monsoon forest

Heavy daily rainfall, seasonally relieved by dry periods during which the 🌳 shed their leaves

Are found in regions such as the campus of Brazil

Tropical savanna forest

Where forest and grassland meet

Tropical savanna forest

Savannas occur widely

African and South America

Dominated by grasses and sedges, with opens stands of widely spaced trees. That are frequently thorny

Tropical savanna forest

Some are created by fire or by grazing and browsing animals

Tropical savanna forest

Form a worldwide belt in subarctic and alpine regions of the northern hemisphere

Northern coniferous forest

They dominate at the northern tree line and on the mountaintops

Gnarled scrub trees Northern Coniferous forests

The are characteristic of the more northerly forests, pine, larch and hemlock dominate farther south

Spruce and Fir trees | Northern coniferous forest

These forest usually occupy formerly glaciated regions and occur in association with lakes, bigs and rivers

Northern Coniferous Forest

Characteristic of Central Africa and Amazonia watershed

Tropical rain forest

Plant growth is profuse and because the fall and regrowth of leaves occur gradually throughout each year

Tropical rain forest

The forest is always active

Tropical rain forest

Tree species are highly diverse but usually have smooth, straight trunks and large, simple leaves

Tropical rainforest

Large vines are common but the tangled growth of a jungle occurs only where the normal forest area has been abused or at a river 's edge

Tropical rain forest

Are found in the subtropical regions of North America and the Caribbean islands that have a warm maritime climate

Temperate evergreen forests

The type is best developed along the Gulf coast and in the Florida Everglades

Temperate evergreen forests

Characteristic trees of temperate evergreen forest

Live oak Magnolia Palms Bromeliads

With broad-leaves evergreen trees are common on Mediterranean coasts

Temperate rain forest

Rainfall may be low, but the ocean-cooled air is moisture laden and fogs are frequent

Temperate rain forests

In the United States, the temperate West Coast rain forests are dominated by

``` Hemlock Cedar Spruce Fir Redwood ```

Occur in regions of slight rainfall, bordering wetter forests

Temperate rain forest

Occur in regions of slight rainfall, bordering wetter forests

Tropical scrub forest

Ecosystem in which grasses, sedges and other forage plants are the dominant vegetation

Grassland

Term applied to regions of the earth that are characterized by less fan __ in annual rainfall, an evaporation rate that exceeds precipitation and in most cases, a high average temperature

``` Desert 254 mm (10 in) ```

Cause of a lack of moisture in the soil and low humidity in the atmosphere, most of the sunlight penetrated to the ground

Desert

Daytime temperature of desert in the shade

55•C (131•F)

At night, it radiates gear back to the atmosphere and the temperature can drop to near freezing

Desert floor

They are caused by a combination of climate patterns and geological features

Desert floor

The climate of desert

Very hot and dry

Not many plants and animals can survive but that ones that do are adapted to torturous climate

Desert

As if the heat were not enough, at night it cools down to very cold temperatures

Desert

They are usually located in areas near the equator

Desert

Most are just barren land with sand that stretches for miles

Desert

The climate controls for this region are latitude because they are positioned near the equator

Desert

Another control is land and water because land heats up and cools down much much faster than water making the climate more extreme

Desert

The most common desert plant

Cactus/Cacti

Those plants have adapted by holding in a lot of water for a long time

Desert

Most people think of this plant when they think of the desert

Cactus

Small plant that is really low to the ground

Peyote

Indians used to smoke this to get a lot of ideas

Peyote

It is found in the Chihuahuan desert in North America

Peyote

It is really prickly and needles are shaped just like the name

Fishhook cactus

They must survive a harsh environment

Animals in the desert

Some desert animals rely on __ for water

Bird seeds (contain up to 50% water)

Intense heat, searing sun and lack of water are just few of the challenges facing

Desert animals

Many desert animals spend most of the day underground , these animals come out at night to eat and hunt

Rattlesnake Kangaroo rat Kit foxes

Creatures that come out at night to eat and hunt

Nocturnal

The most common animal of the desert

Jackrabbit

They have the ability to store large amounts of water for a long time enabling it to survive in the harsh, dry desert

Camels

It has the adaptation of large ears that radiate heat so it doesn't get too hot

Jackrabbit

The largest animal of the desert

Camel

The largest of the lizards in the desert

Gila monster

Gila monsters can reach sizes

Three or four feet in length

It is not as big as the Gila monster but is not really small

Iguana

They are usually greenish or brownish in color

Iguana

They eat small sized insects that stay low to the ground

Iguana

Common name applied to several kinds of tropical flowering plants that are members of different families

Mangrove

Water bearing layer

Aguirre

Poso

Artesian well

Mountain erodes, aguifer comes out to sea and becomes

Spring water

They produce tangled masses of arching roots that are exposed during low tides

Mangroves

Where we get water

Aguirre

They are important for filtering and holding sediments and thus, keeping the water over the coral reefs clearer

Mangrove

Imperata cyllindrica

Cogon grass

Grassland types in the PHILIPPINES

Talahib saccharum Imperata cyllindrica (cogon grass) Rono capillipedium Themeda triandra

Types of forest

``` Coniferous forest Mossy forest Deciduous forest Evergreen forest Savannah forest Tropical rainforest Tropical shrub forest ```

Ecosystem in which relatively small (up to 6 m/20 ft high), woody, usually multistemmed, densely branched vegetation dominates

Shrub land

A set of interacting "spheres", the atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere and lithosphere

Model of the Earth System

Being open systems, it is cycled between them

Earth system Energy and mass

The transport and transformation of substances through the Earth System

Biogeochemical cycle

Biogeochemical Cycles

``` Nitrogen cycle Oxygen cycle Carbon cycle Sulfur cycle Phosphorus cycle Water (Hydrologic cycle) ```

One of the basic elements that compose is proteins

Nitrogen

Structural components of all living organism

Proteins

All organism are made up of

Proteins

Growth or plants will be limited if there is not enough __ in the soil

Nitrogen

Nitrogen comprises __ of the atmosphere

78.08%

They are found in almost all substances such as carbohydrates, proteins and fats which are necessary for survival and maintenance of plants and animals

Carbon and Oxygen

Fourth most abundant element in the universe

Carbon

Found in organism that are ultimately returned to the atmosphere via

Carbon and oxygen | Carbon-Oxygen Cycle

Building block for all living things

Carbon

The two cycles are closely related through the process of photosynthesis and respiration

Carbon-Oxygen Cycle

Largest constituent of the gaseous envelope that surrounds the Earth

Nitrogen

Second most abundant gas in Earth's atmosphere

Oxygen

Main pathway of carbon cycle

Conversion of carbon dioxide into living matter and then back

It is important in the makeup of organic molecules like proteins

Nitrogen

They draw about one quarter of the carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere and photosynthesize it into carbohydrates

Plants Carbon cycle

Essential element of most organic molecules

Oxygen

Unfortunately, it is inaccessible to most living organisms

Nitrogen

It is passed between the lithosphere, biosphere and atmosphere in a variety of ways

Oxygen

It is largely responsible for oxygen found in the atmosphere

Photosynthesizing vegetation Oxygen cycle

The cycling of oxygen through the Earth system is also accomplished by

Weathering of Carbonate Rock Oxygen cycle

It must be "fixed" by soil bacteria living in association with the roots of a particular plant like

Nitrogen ``` Legumes Clover Alfalfa Soybeans Peas Peanuts Beans ```

Living in nodules around the roots of legumes, the bacteria chemically combine nitrogen to form __ making it available to plants

Nitrates (N03) Ammonia (NH3) Nitrogen Cycle

Ingest the nitrogen and release its organic wastes

Organisms that feed on plants Nitrogen cycle

Frees the nitrogen from the wastes returning it to the atmosphere

Denitrifying bacteria Nitrogen cycle

Some atmospheric oxygen bound to water molecules from

Plant transpiration Evaporation Oxygen cycle

Some of the carbohydrate is consumed by __ and the rest is used to build __

Plant respiration Plant tissue and growth Carbon cycle

Bound to carbon dozed and release into the atmosphere during anime respiration

Oxygen

Like nitrogen, carbon and phosphorus, __ passes through the gaseous, liquid and solid parts of our planets in a series of continuous reactions

Sulfur | Sulfur cycle

They consume the carbohydrates and return carbon dioxide to the atmosphere during respiration

Animals Carbon cycle

Soil microorganisms decomposing dead animal and plant remains

Soil respiration Carbon cycle

They are oxidized and returned to the atmosphere by soil respiration

Carbohydrates Carbon cycle

It is produced naturally as result of volcanic eruptions

Sulfur

Another quarter of atmospheric carbon dioxide is absorbed by the world's oceans through

Direct air-water exchange Carbon cycle

Through emissions from hot springs

Sulfur Sulfur cycle

It is cool and more soluble for carbon dioxide

Surface water near the poles

The cool water sinks and couples to the ocean's thermohaline city which transports dense surface water toward the ocean's interior

Carbon cycle

It enters the atmosphere primarily in the form of __ then remains in the atmosphere in that form or after reacting with water in the form of __

Sulfur dioxide Sulfuric acid Sulfur dioxide

They form tissue containing reduced carbon and some also form carbonate sheets from carbon extracted from the air

Marine organisms Carbon cycle

Plants, algae and photosynthetic bacteria can absorb __ dissolved in water or if its washes out rocks and soil

Phosphate (PO4) Phosphorus cycle

Sulfur is carried back to Earth's surface as acid deposition when it rains or snows

Sulfur

There is actually very little of the total carbon cycling through the Earth system at any one point in time

Carbon cycle

Most of the carbon is stored geologic deposits form from when the burial and compaction and dead organic matter on sea bottoms

Carbon cycle

Geologic deposits

Carbonate rocks Petroleum Coal

The carbon in these deposits is normally released by

Rock weathering Carbon cycle

They incorporate the PO4 into various organic forms including such molecules as

DNA RNA ATP Phospholipid

The plants are consumed by animals wherein the organic phosphate in the plants becomes organic phosphate in the animals and in the bacteria that live with the animal

Phosphorus cycle

When plants and animals fie__ is returned to the soil where it's converted by microorganisms into __

Sulfur | Hydrogen sulfide

__ is then returned to the atmosphere where it oxidized __

Hydrogen sulfide | Sulfuric acid

They influence the sulfur cycle in a number of ways

Human activities

Animal waste returns inorganic PO4 to the environment and also organic phosphate in the form of __

Microbial cells

Dead plants and animals as well as animal waste are decomposed by microbes in the soil

Phosphorus cycle

The Phosphate eventually is mineralized to the soluble PO4 form in the water and soil to be taken up again by photosynthetic organisms

Phosphorus cycle

It is very important to humans, without it plants and animals will die

Water

It is not uniform

Distribution of water

Raw material in the photosynthesis to produce food

Water

There are parts of the earth where it is abundant and there are also parts where it is scarce thus __ common occurrence

Water | Drought

Water __ from the soil, organisms and bodies of water as __ to the atmosphere

Evaporates | Water vapor

Then this water vapor

Symbiosis was coined in __ by German Botanist ___

1879 | De Barry

Includes a variety of interactions from permanent contact between partners to situations in which there is no actual physical contact

Mutualism

Describe the relationship between certain species of algae and fungi that live together to form lichens

Symbiosis

He defined it as living together of dissimilar organisms in close association or union

De Barry | Symbiosis

With continuous contact

Mycorrhizae and lichens | Mutualism

Living together

Symbiosis

Sharing benefits

Mutualism

When the relationship benefits one partner (guest) but neither benefits nor harm the other (host)

Commensalism

Epiphytyes

Commensalism

Taking without harming

Commensalism

Antagonistic Interaction

Non-Consumptive Physical Exploitation | Interspecific competition

Examples are lianas and other climbing plants

Non-consumptive physical exploitation

The climbers act as commensals but sometimes they grow over and kill their host

Non-consumptive physical exploitation

Occurs whenever two different species attempt to utilize the same resources when that resource is in limited supply

Interspecific competition

In forest, competition results in overtopping,suppressing and crowding out of weaker trees by more vigorous aggressive individuals

Interspecific competition

They may only take diseased and old individuals or those in excess and carrying capacity and may actually sustain the health and abundance of the prey population

Predators | Interspecific competition

They have acute senses that enable them to locate and identify potential prey and have adaptations like claw, teeth, fang, stinger or poison

Predators | Interspecific competition

They are usually fast and agile

Predators | Interspecific competition

They have evolved defensive adaptations through repeated encounters with their predators

Prey | Interspecific competition

Includes thorns, microscopic crystals in plant tissues, hooks or spines on the leaves, production of chemical as defense making vegetation harmful and distasteful

Plant vegetation | Interspecific competition

It include hiding or escaping, fleeing, active self defense, alarm call, adaptive coloration, synthesis of toxins and mimicry

Animal defenses

A community that has reached a stable stage of ecological succession

Climax community

The remora attaches itself to the shark and saves energy since it doesn't have to swim and it gets to snack on the shark's kills. The shark doesn't get anything

Commensalism

The humming bird moth is drinking the nectar of a flower. The flower gets pollinated (the moth bring pollen from other flowers) and the moth gets a tasty meal

Mutualism

This ox bird hangs out on the antelope and gets a delicious meal of bugs living on the antelope. The antelope gets rid of parasites

Mutualism

Basic units of biological classification

Species

The normal measure of biological diversity

Species

World total species

5-10 million | Possibly more than 30 million

Only named scientifically so far

1.4 million

Major groups with number of species

``` Microorganisms Bacteria 3.060 spp Blue-green algae 2000 spp Fungi 47,000 spp but up to 25,000 spp Decomposers ```

They inhibit the germination of seeds, the activity of nitrogen fixing bacteria or interfere the formation of mycorrhizae

Allelochemicals

This loa loa worm infects the human blood stream and gets a nice warm safe home there. The human may go blind or have other complications as a result

Parasitism

One of the wrasses has entered the glit slit of the bat fish and may even enter the mouth to search for food. The bat fish gets a bath and the wrasse gets a meal

Mutualism

The ants lay eggs on the acacia tree so they get an nice safe place for their eggs. The acacia covers the infected area with brown flesh called a gall. The plant has use valuable resources to create the gall

Commensalism

As these cattles walk around eating grass, they stir up lots of insects. The egrets hang around and get a yummy meal of insects

Commensalism of

This moray eel has a small fish cleaning between its teeth. The eel gets a clean mouth while the fish has a meal

Mutualism

The clown fish swims the anemone and gets protection since its predators will get stung. The anemone is unaffected

Commensalism

This alpheid shrimp uses its strong claws like a bulldozer to create a burrow in the sand. The shrimp is nearly blind. It relied upon its partner, the sharp eyed goby to warn for danger. When a potential predator approaches. Both animals disappear quickly into the burrow

Mutualism

Pollination, seed dispersal, decomposition of organic matter

Without continuous contact

When the relationship benefits one partner (guest) but neither benefits nor harm the other

Commensalism

Taking without harming

Commensalism

Contrast to parasites, typical predator are often larger than prey free living and have a single successful encounter with their host (prey or living)

Predation

They can weaken its host individuals that the population goes into decline

Parasites | Predation

Eating and being eaten

Predation

Natural gradual changes in the types of species that live in an area

Succession

Primary | Secondary

Begins in a place without soil

Primary

Where soil already exists

Secondary

A type of antibiosis common in plant species which resulted from the production of secondary chemicals in their tissues known as allelochemicals

Allelopathy

One organism derived its nourishment from other organism host which is harmed in the process

Parasitism

Taking at Another's expense

Parasitism

Kind of competition that occurs between members of the same species

Intraspecific competioton

A group of organisms such as lichens found in the primary stage of successions and that begins an area's soils building process

Pioneer species

A group of individuals having in common certain attributes and designated by a common name

Species

Category of plants and animals secondary to a genus and comprising similar organisms with the capacity of interbreeding only among themselves

Species

Differing one from another, distinct, assortment, variety

Diversity

Group of organisms that are distinct from one integer with capacity of interbreeding among themselves

Species diversity

Measured in terms of number relative abundance of species found in a community

Species diversity

Has a large number of species

A vastly diverse community

Examples of species diversity

Large ecosystems such as lakes and forests

Where a variety of crops are produce such as tomato, squash, etc

Multi culture agriculture

Species diversity observed

Multiculture agriculture

One pair of plants are planted

Monoculture

Midterm Flashcards

(454 cards)